Question 1

The __________ process refers to a process by which stimuli activate nodes within a network and activation causes connections between nodes to become active.

Accepted Answer

The process described refers to spreading activation, where the activation of one node leads to the activation of connected nodes in a network. This is a key principle in many cognitive models, including those of memory and language processing.

Question 2

In early artificial intelligence research,investigators believed that the ideal was to write programs that were

Accepted Answer

Early artificial intelligence research aimed to create programs that were as domain-general as possible, meaning they could apply their intelligence across a wide range of problems and disciplines, rather than being specialized for specific tasks.

Question 3

One of the most influential books in the field of cognitive science during the 1980s was __________'s The Modularity of Mind,which presented the argument for extreme domain-specificity.

Accepted Answer

The Modularity of Mind was written by Jerry Fodor and argued for extreme domain-specificity in cognitive processes.

Question 4

According to Anderson (1980),while we are in the __________ stage for learning how to drive a standard-shift car,we must carefully practice following each rule for stepping on the clutch,gas,or brake pedal,while also trying to shift gears.

Accepted Answer

The associative stage of learning is characterized by the need to practice and refine skills, following specific rules and feedback, until they become automatic. The example given is consistent with this stage, as the learner is focusing on developing the correct sequence of actions required to operate a manual transmission car. In this stage, errors may still occur, but they become less frequent over time with practice.

Question 5

__________ refers to a model of knowledge representation and information processing,which proposes that knowledge is represented within a network in which information is stored in the form of various patterns of connection strengths distributed across the brain.

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question matches with the theory of "parallel distributed processing," which proposes that knowledge is represented as patterns of connection strengths across the brain's network. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D are not valid models of knowledge representation that match the description given in the question.

Question 6

In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart,connections between units can possess varying degrees of __________ potential,even when the connections are currently inactive.

Accepted Answer

In the parallel distributed processing model, connections between units can have varying degrees of excitation or inhibition potential, even when the connections are currently inactive. This means that the strength of the connection between two units can either promote or inhibit the firing of the receiving unit, even if the connection is not currently active. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 7

A "connectionist" model is another way to refer to a(n)

Accepted Answer

A "connectionist" model is another term for a parallel distributed processing model. This model is based on the idea that cognitive processes involve the interactions among a large number of simple processing units that work in parallel to produce cognitive processes. This model has been used to explain a wide range of cognitive phenomena, including pattern recognition, language acquisition, and problem-solving.

Question 8

__________ refers to the overall process by which we transform slow,explicit information about procedures ("knowing that")into speedy,implicit implementations of procedures ("knowing how").

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is commonly known as "proceduralization." This refers to the way that we convert explicit knowledge about how to do something into automatic, procedural knowledge that allows us to do it quickly and efficiently without really thinking about it.

Question 9

Neurological findings and other cognitive research seem to indicate that human cognition primarily involves __________,in which multiple information processes are executed simultaneously.

Accepted Answer

Neurological findings and cognitive research suggest that the human brain primarily engages in parallel processing, which allows multiple information processes to occur simultaneously. This is in contrast to serial processing, in which information is processed linearly one at a time. Therefore, option A is the best choice. Options C and D are not supported by the evidence and are not valid cognitive processing terms.

Question 10

In the brain,at any one given time,a given neuron may assume each of the following activities,except one.Identify the exception.

Accepted Answer

A neuron cannot be both active and dormant at the same time. Inactive, excitatory, and inhibitory are all possible activities for a neuron at any given time.

Question 11

In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart,knowledge is represented by

Accepted Answer

In the parallel distributed processing model, knowledge is represented by the pattern of interconnections between the neuron-like processing units. Each unit contributes to the overall representation, and it is the pattern of activity across units that encodes knowledge. Thus, choice B, "the pattern of interconnections," is the best answer. The other choices (A, C, and D) are not accurate representations of how knowledge is represented in this model.

Question 12

According to Anderson (1980),knowledge representation of procedural skills occurs in three of the following four stages.Identify the exception.

Accepted Answer

Anderson (1980) proposed that knowledge representation of procedural skills occurs in three stages: cognitive, associative, and autonomous. The affective domain refers to emotional and attitudinal aspects of learning and is not directly related to the acquisition and representation of procedural skills.

Question 13

In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart,the more often a particular connection is activated,the

Accepted Answer

According to the parallel distributed processing model, the strength of a connection between two neuron-like processing units increases with the frequency of activation. This is known as the Hebbian rule or Hebb's postulate, which states that "neurons that fire together, wire together." Therefore, option B is the correct choice.

Question 14

According to __________,the amount of activation between a prime and a given target node is a function of the number of links connecting the prime and the target and the relative strength of each connection.

Accepted Answer

Spreading activation theories propose that the activation of a node spreads to its connected nodes, activating them to varying degrees depending on the strength of the connection between the nodes. This accounts for the varying levels of activation between a prime and a given target node, as described in the question. The other options listed are not directly related to this explanation of activation levels.

Question 15

According to Anderson (1980),while we are in the __________ stage for learning how to drive a standard-shift car,we have integrated all of the various rules (for stepping on the clutch,gas,or brake pedal,while also trying to shift gears)into a single,coordinated series of actions.

Accepted Answer

The autonomous stage of skill acquisition is characterized by the ability to perform a skill without conscious thought or effort. This is the stage where a complex task such as driving a standard-shift car becomes automatic and the individual has integrated all of the various rules and actions into a single, coordinated series of actions. The earlier stages, cognitive and associative, involve more conscious effort and attention to task performance. The affective stage pertains to the emotional and motivational factors involved in learning and is not directly relevant to the motor skill of driving a standard-shift car.

Question 16

According to Anderson (1980),while we are in the __________ stage for learning how to drive a standard-shift car,we must explicitly think about each rule for stepping on the clutch,gas,or brake pedal,while also trying to shift gears.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive stage of learning is characterized by the need to consciously think through the steps of a task, and it typically occurs at the beginning of the learning process when the learner is unfamiliar with the task or skill. In the case of learning how to drive a standard-shift car, the cognitive stage would involve explicit thinking about each rule for stepping on the clutch, gas, or brake pedal, as well as how to shift gears. As the learner becomes more familiar with these steps, they will progress to the associative and eventually the autonomous stage of learning.

Question 17

The term modularity refers to the

Accepted Answer

Modularity refers to the processing of information in the brain via specialized units or modules, which perform specific functions. These modules work together to create complex behaviors and cognition.

Question 18

According to the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart,whenever we use knowledge,we

Accepted Answer

According to the parallel distributed processing model, whenever we use knowledge, we change our internal representation of it. This is because the model suggests that knowledge is distributed across multiple nodes in the brain, and each time we encounter and use it, our brain strengthens and refines the connections between these nodes. Therefore, our representation of knowledge is not static but rather evolves and becomes more refined over time.

Question 19

When learning to drive a standard-shift car and progressing from having to think about stepping on the clutch pedal and so on,to no longer needing to think about what steps to take to shift gears,we are experiencing the process sometimes called

Accepted Answer

The process of progressing from conscious effort to automaticity in performing a task is known as proceduralization. Therefore, the best choice in this scenario is D) proceduralization.

Question 20

In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart,the network comprises

Accepted Answer

In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart, the network comprises neuron-like units which are interconnected and operate in parallel. These units are also known as processing nodes and are similar to the neurons in the human brain. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Quiz 8: The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind