Question 1

In the weeks shortly after birth,infants showed signs of all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Infants do not have the cognitive ability to experience guilt in the weeks shortly after birth. However, they do show signs of disgust, interest, and distress as part of their early development.

Question 2

Which of the following individuals has contributed to our understanding of attachment?

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth is known for her work on developing the Strange Situation test, which is widely used to assess attachment styles between infants and their caregivers. Her research contributed greatly to our understanding of the different types of attachment, such as secure, avoidant, and anxious attachment. Eleanor Gibson and Jean Piaget are well-known developmental psychologists, but their research did not focus primarily on attachment. Carol Jacklin appears to be a fictional or unknown individual and is not relevant to the question.

Question 3

Emotional development is an interaction among:

Accepted Answer

Emotional development is a complex and multifactorial process that involves genetic, cognitive, and cultural factors. Genetics play a role in determining the range of emotions individuals are capable of experiencing, while cognitive processes such as attention, perception, and memory influence emotional development. Cultural factors, such as parenting practices and societal values, also shape emotional development. Maturation and norms may play a role in emotional development, but they are not as influential as the other factors listed. Temperament and principles of development, such as cephalocaudal and proximodistal, are important but are not as comprehensive as the three factors listed in option C.

Question 4

What areas of the brain are overdeveloped in adults who were highly emotionally reactive as infants?

Accepted Answer

Adults who were highly emotionally reactive as infants have overdeveloped brain areas that are involved in emotional responding.

Question 5

Gail and Janelle are talking about the differences between their children.Janelle's youngest,who is one year old,has not yet crawled.Gail says that Janelle should be worried.Should Janelle be worried about her son's motor development?

Accepted Answer

Norms for development refer to an average age range, not an absolute age. Therefore, not crawling by one year old does not necessarily mean there is a developmental issue, and Janelle should not be worried just yet.

Question 6

Jane and John were always able to leave baby Rebecca with a babysitter,but now,at six months of age,she begins to cry loudly when they leave.This separation anxiety indicates that Rebecca:

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety is a normal and expected developmental milestone that typically occurs around 6-9 months of age. It is a sign that the infant has formed a close and healthy attachment to their primary caregivers, in this case, Jane and John. This does not necessarily mean that Rebecca will always cling to her parents, but rather that she is currently experiencing a normal stage of emotional development. Choices A and B are incorrect because separation anxiety is not an indicator of developmental delay or birth defects. Choice D is also incorrect as the level of attachment and clinginess varies depending on the individual child and their environment.

Question 7

What behavior can a newborn perform that triggers care and sympathy from the parent?

Accepted Answer

Crying is a primary means of communication for newborns, and it signals to the parent that the baby needs something. This typically triggers care and sympathy from the parent.

Answer: D
 Smiling is a social cue that newborns use to interact with caregivers, and it triggers positive emotions in parents. However, smiles usually begin to develop around 6-8 weeks of age, so crying is a more reliable trigger in the early newborn period.

Question 8

According to longitudinal data,the majority of babies examined had ____ temperaments.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies have consistently found that the majority of infants have an easy temperament. In the famous New York Longitudinal Study, for example, about 40% of infants were classified as easy, whereas only 10% were classified as difficult and 15% as slow-to-warm-up. This pattern has been observed in many other studies as well.

Question 9

Tina is introducing her topic by saying,"Today I will be talking about the fundamental emotional bond that develops between the infant and the caregiver." What is the topic of her presentation?

Accepted Answer

The topic of her presentation is attachment, which refers to the emotional bond that develops between an infant and their caregiver.

Question 10

Nature and nurture interact.Which of the following best illustrates that interaction?

Accepted Answer

This choice illustrates the interaction between nature and nurture because it suggests that while there may be an innate predisposition for motor development, environmental stimulation is necessary for proper development. This suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in motor development. The other choices focus primarily on either genetic or developmental principles, rather than the interaction between the two.

Question 11

Baby Michael has just started to smile when his father or mother enters the room,but he does this for no one else.It is likely that Michael is:

Accepted Answer

At six months old, babies typically start to show a preference for familiar people, such as their parents, and may smile specifically at them.

Question 12

Research has indicated that the majority of infants develop distinct temperaments by:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants typically develop distinct temperaments by the age of 2-3 months. This is when they begin to display consistent individual differences in their emotional, motor, and attentional responses to their environment. However, it is important to note that temperament can continue to evolve and change throughout childhood and beyond.

Question 13

One-month-old Zachary cries and fusses a great deal when the pediatrician gives him a shot.It can be predicted that at four months of age:

Accepted Answer

At four months of age, Zachary is still very young and likely to react similarly to painful stimuli like shots, as emotional regulation and maturity develop over a longer period.

Question 14

An infant's stable and characteristic mood,activity level,and attention span are referred to as components of the infant's:

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to an individual's stable and characteristic mood, activity level and attention span. It is an innate characteristic that is present in infancy and persists throughout life. Personality, on the other hand, refers to a combination of temperament and other factors, such as experiences and environment. Genotype and phenotype refer to an individual's genetic makeup and observable characteristics, respectively, but do not specifically relate to an infant's mood, activity level, and attention span.

Question 15

A baby who is more withdrawn,moody,and tends to take more time to adapt to new situations has a(n)____ temperament.

Accepted Answer

A baby who is withdrawn, moody and takes time adapting to new situations is exhibiting characteristics of a slow-to-warm-up temperament. Babies with this temperament tend to be hesitant but will eventually adapt once they have become familiar with their surroundings.

Question 16

You are observing a four month old in a local day care.You notice the child is highly reactive and has a fearful temperament.As a result,this child is more likely to develop ______ during adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Children with highly reactive and fearful temperaments are more likely to develop depression in adulthood. This is because their heightened sensitivity to stress and novel situations can predispose them to mood disorders, including depression.

Question 17

A baby who is fussy and fearful of new situations has a ____ temperament.

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas and Chess' classification of temperaments, a baby who is fussy and fearful of new situations has a difficult temperament. This temperament is characterized by intense negative reactions to stimuli, irregular biological rhythms, and slow adaptability to new situations. The other options do not accurately describe this type of temperament.

Question 18

What can a six-month-old child do that will be effective in giving her parent a happy greeting?

Accepted Answer

At around six months of age, infants begin to show social smiling, which is a smile in response to seeing familiar faces, particularly their parents. This can be a very effective way for the child to give their parent a happy greeting. Choices A, B, and C are not relevant to a six-month-old's ability to greet their parent with a happy expression.

Question 19

Tony and Julie describe their newborn,Carson,as happy and cheerful,with regular sleeping and eating habits,and the ability to adapt quickly.Carson has a(n)____ temperament.

Accepted Answer

The description of Carson as happy, cheerful, with regular sleeping and eating habits and ability to adapt quickly aligns with the characteristics of an "easy" temperament. Babies with an easy temperament tend to have a generally positive mood, establish routines easily and adapt quickly to new situations, making it easier for parents to care for them.

Question 20

Brenda gave birth to fraternal twins.After a few months,Brenda notices that one twin is always happy and energetic,whereas the other twin is always fussy and fearful.Brenda's twins are showing differences in:

Accepted Answer

The differences in behavior exhibited by Brenda's twins suggest differences in temperament, which is the characteristic behavioral style or pattern that an individual displays. Vulnerability refers to the extent to which an individual is susceptible to negative outcomes, while maturation refers to the process of becoming fully grown and developed over time. Resiliency refers to an individual's ability to adapt and recover from adversity, which is not necessarily reflected in the behavior exhibited by Brenda's twins.

Quiz 17: Infancy Childhood