Question 1

A study in which the same group of individuals is repeatedly studied across many years is known as a ____ study.
A) longitudinal
B) multilevel
C) repetitional
D) cross-sectional

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study involves following the same group of individuals over an extended period of time, allowing for the examination of changes or patterns across that time period. The other answer choices do not accurately describe this type of study.

Question 2

Which of the following theorists is most noted for his/her studies of the cognitive development of children?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) Carroll Izard
D) Jean Piaget

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget is most noted for his studies of the cognitive development of children. Freud is best known for his psychoanalytic theory, Erikson is best known for his theory of psychosocial development, and Izard is best known for his research on emotions.

Question 3

The fact that researchers must wait many years for their subjects to grow older,and that subjects may drop out of the study for a variety of reasons,are disadvantages of:
A) cross-sectional designs
B) amniocentesis
C) longitudinal methods
D) the nature-nurture question

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal methods involve following the same subjects over a period of time, which allows researchers to see how individuals change over time. However, the fact that the study takes place over a long period means that researchers must wait for their subjects to grow older. Additionally, subjects may drop out of the study for various reasons, which may affect the validity of the results. Cross-sectional designs involve studying different groups of individuals at the same time, amniocentesis involves testing fetuses for genetic abnormalities before birth, and the nature-nurture question is a broad question about the influence of genetics and environment on development. None of these options directly address the disadvantages of waiting a long time and dealing with subject attrition, which are specific to longitudinal methods.

Question 4

Two-year-old Jeremy is cautious,tentative,and shy in new situations.Jeremy would be considered a(n)____ child.
A) unemotional
B) inhibited
C) uninhibited
D) problem

Accepted Answer

Inhibited children are described as shy, cautious, and hesitant in new or unfamiliar social situations, which matches Jeremy's behavior as described in the scenario. Unemotional children lack emotional expressiveness, while uninhibited children are described as outgoing and bold in new situations. "Problem" is not a valid option as it does not describe a specific temperament trait.

Question 5

Which statement is incorrect regarding inhibited and uninhibited children?
A) There is no difference between these two groups in IQ scores.
B) About 10-15% of the population have an inhibited temperament.
C) 90% of children do not change their temperament.
D) There is a strong genetic component in the inhibited temperament.

Accepted Answer

Most children exhibit some degree of temperament flexibility over time, meaning that the statement suggesting 90% of children do not change their temperament is incorrect. While there is a stability in temperament for many, this figure overstates the consistency across childhood and adolescence.

Question 6

A group of children are initially interviewed at age 7 and then reinterviewed every seven years until age 28.This is the ____ type of study.
A) multilevel
B) cross-sectional
C) repetitional
D) longitudinal

Accepted Answer

This study follows the same group of individuals over a long period of time, making it a longitudinal study.

Question 7

One difference between a securely attached infant and one who is insecurely attached is that securely attached infants:
A) explore their environments more freely
B) nurse less
C) show more indifference toward their principal caretakers
D) are less active and alert

Accepted Answer

Securely attached infants feel safe and confident in the presence of their principal caretakers, which allows them to explore their environment more freely than insecurely attached infants who may cling to their caretakers out of fear or anxiety.

Question 8

When one-year-old Terrace is in new surroundings,he will explore freely if his mother watches him.If she leaves the room he begins to cry,but when she returns he smiles and stops fussing.Terrace would be considered a(n)____ infant.
A) securely attached
B) insecurely attached
C) unattached
D) disturbed

Accepted Answer

Terrace's behavior indicates that he is securely attached to his mother. When she is present, he feels comfortable and explores freely, but when she leaves he becomes distressed. This is a normal and healthy response for a secure attachment. When she returns, he is reassured by her presence and stops crying.

Question 9

You are reviewing a study that was done on emotional development.After you have read it,you wonder if the subjects will remain the same or change across time.You are reading a study that used the ____ method.
A) longitudinal
B) multilevel
C) repetitional
D) cross-sectional

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are reviewing a study that was...

Question 10

A disadvantage of the cross-sectional method is that:
A) subjects tend to drop out of the study
B) it is difficult to track people over several years
C) it prevents the study of people across their life spans
D) it does not examine the development in each person over time

Accepted Answer

The cross-sectional method compares different groups of people at one point in time, rather than following the same group over time. Therefore, it does not allow for the examination of development within individuals over time.

Question 11

Kagan,in his study of fear reactions,identified two distinct temperaments that are called:
A) slow-to-warm-up and warm
B) inhibited/fearful and fearless
C) easy and difficult
D) mature and immature

Accepted Answer

Kagan's study identified two distinct temperaments: inhibited/fearful and fearless. The inhibited/fearful temperament refers to children who are overly cautious, nervous, and show excessive fear and distress in new situations. On the other hand, fearless children are more outgoing, less fearful, and more curious about new experiences.

Question 12

The work of Jean Piaget led to the current view that children:
A) do not hypothesize about the world
B) are actively involved in their cognitive development
C) accommodate as a result of assimilation
D) solve abstract problems in the sensorimotor stage

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory emphasizes the active role that children play in their own development through their exploration and manipulation of their environment. This is known as the child's "active construction of knowledge."

Question 13

Your five-year-old nephew thinks about and understands the world differently than you do.This difference illustrates:
A) cognitive development
B) nature versus nurture
C) social development
D) accommodation

Accepted Answer

The fact that the five-year-old nephew thinks about and understands the world differently than the adult shows that he is still in the stage of cognitive development. This stage of cognitive development shows the difference in understanding or thinking between individuals of different ages.

Question 14

Piaget argued that a child acts like a(n):
A) uncivilized and unregulated individual
B) bucket, holding knowledge and wisdom
C) tiny scientist, making hypotheses about how the world works
D) computer, attempting to solve problems

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that children are like scientists, constantly making hypotheses about how the world works and testing those hypotheses through experiences and observations. This is known as Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which suggests that children go through four stages of cognitive development, each building upon the previous one as they acquire more knowledge and understanding of the world around them. This view is different from the other options listed, which do not align with Piaget's beliefs about child development.

Question 15

Zach is 20 years old,but when he was two years old,he was classified as being fearful.Based on the study described in Module 17,what would occur in his brain when viewing a novel face?
A) His prefrontal cortex would be less active than normal.
B) His prefrontal cortex would be more active than normal.
C) His amygdala would be more active than normal.
D) His amygdala would be less active than normal.

Accepted Answer

According to the study described in Module 17, individuals who are classified as fearful tend to have an overactive amygdala, which is responsible for processing fear and other emotional responses. Therefore, when Zach views a novel face, his amygdala would be more active than normal.

Question 16

A study in which a group of individuals of different ages is studied at the same time is a ____ study.
A) longitudinal
B) multilevel
C) repetitional
D) cross-sectional

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional study involves examining a group of individuals of different ages at the same point in time. This is in contrast to a longitudinal study, which follows a group of individuals over a period of time, and would not meet the criteria described in the question. Multilevel and repetitional studies are not commonly used terms in research, and are not relevant to the question.

Question 17

Sophia is a very shy and inhibited six-year-old.What should her parents do?
A) provide her with support and encouragement
B) show their anger at her shyness
C) nothing-she'll outgrow it
D) protect her from any situation that may prove to be anxiety-provoking

Accepted Answer

Providing support and encouragement can help Sophia build confidence and feel more comfortable in social situations. Showing anger at her shyness may make her feel worse about herself and exacerbate her anxiety. Waiting for her to outgrow it may not happen and could potentially cause long-term negative effects on her social development. Overprotecting her from anxiety-provoking situations may prevent her from learning skills to cope with her shyness.

Question 18

According to Kagan,what percentage of children retained their inhibited temperament from the ages of 21 months to 7 years?
A) 18%
B) 37%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Accepted Answer

Kagan's research found that approximately 18% of children retained their inhibited temperament from the ages of 21 months to 7 years.

Question 19

What is the best reason why attachment in infancy is important for later life?
A) It is related to the level of cognitive development seen in adulthood.
B) It is related to the probability of mental disorders in adulthood.
C) The type attachment seen in infancy is associated with the types of attachment the person has as an adult.
D) Attachment in infancy influences physical development.

Accepted Answer

The type of attachment a person experiences in infancy forms a template for their future relationships. For example, if an infant has secure attachment with their caregiver, they are more likely to develop positive and healthy relationships as an adult. In contrast, if an infant has insecure attachment with their caregiver, they may struggle with trust and relationships in adulthood. This highlights the importance of early attachment experiences for later life.

Answer: B
 Research has shown that insecure attachment in infancy is associated with an increased risk of mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression, in adulthood. This suggests that attachment in infancy plays an important role in emotional wellbeing and can have long-lasting effects on mental health outcomes.

Question 20

Which of the following is a disadvantage in the use of a longitudinal study in developmental research?
A) It only allows for immediate comparisons of developmental differences.
B) It does not allow for the assessment of long-term developmental patterns.
C) It does not focus on the same subjects.
D) Over time some of the subjects may drop out.

Accepted Answer

Over time, some of the subjects may drop out of the study which can create bias and affect the validity of the results. This is a disadvantage of using a longitudinal study design in developmental research.

Quiz 17: Infancy Childhood

A study in which the same group of individuals is repeatedly studied across many years is known as a ____ study.

Which of the following theorists is most noted for his/her studies of the cognitive development of children?

The fact that researchers must wait many years for their subjects to grow older,and that subjects may drop out of the study for a variety of reasons,are disadvantages of:

Two-year-old Jeremy is cautious,tentative,and shy in new situations.Jeremy would be considered a(n) ____ child.

Which statement is incorrect regarding inhibited and uninhibited children?

A group of children are initially interviewed at age 7 and then reinterviewed every seven years until age 28.This is the ____ type of study.

One difference between a securely attached infant and one who is insecurely attached is that securely attached infants:

When one-year-old Terrace is in new surroundings,he will explore freely if his mother watches him.If she leaves the room he begins to cry,but when she returns he smiles and stops fussing.Terrace would be considered a(n) ____ infant.

You are reviewing a study that was done on emotional development.After you have read it,you wonder if the subjects will remain the same or change across time.You are reading a study that used the ____ method.

A disadvantage of the cross-sectional method is that:

Kagan,in his study of fear reactions,identified two distinct temperaments that are called:

The work of Jean Piaget led to the current view that children:

Your five-year-old nephew thinks about and understands the world differently than you do.This difference illustrates:

Piaget argued that a child acts like a(n) :

Zach is 20 years old,but when he was two years old,he was classified as being fearful.Based on the study described in Module 17,what would occur in his brain when viewing a novel face?

A study in which a group of individuals of different ages is studied at the same time is a ____ study.

Sophia is a very shy and inhibited six-year-old.What should her parents do?

According to Kagan,what percentage of children retained their inhibited temperament from the ages of 21 months to 7 years?

What is the best reason why attachment in infancy is important for later life?

Which of the following is a disadvantage in the use of a longitudinal study in developmental research?