Question 1

Goodness-of-fit is best defined as

Accepted Answer

Goodness-of-fit refers to the extent to which a child's temperament is compatible with the social world around them, including the demands and expectations of caregivers, family, and society. A good fit means that the child can adapt and function effectively in their environment, whereas a poor fit can lead to difficulties with behavior, mental health, and social adjustment.

Question 2

In most settings, an easy temperament is associated with more positive adaptation. However, in times of famine, infants with "difficult" temperaments in the Masai tribe have been known to outlive babies with "easy" temperaments. This finding is used to illustrate the important effect that ____ has on developmental outcome.

Accepted Answer

The finding that infants with “difficult” temperaments outlived babies with “easy” temperaments during times of famine in the Masai tribe illustrates the concept of goodness-of-fit, which refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the demands and expectations of their environment. This shows that even when a temperament is seen as “difficult” in one context, it can be adaptive in another context, depending on the fit between the child and the environment.

Question 3

As a typical three-year-old, when asked about his self-concept, Talisker's answer would most likely be,

Accepted Answer

At age three, children typically have a concrete understanding of themselves, and they tend to describe themselves based on observable characteristics such as physical appearance or abilities. "I am small" is a common response at this age. Choices A, B, and D require a more complex and abstract understanding of self-concept that typically develops later in childhood.

Question 4

Damon (1994) and others complaint against American educators and parents is that many tend to

Accepted Answer

Damon (1994) argues that American educators and parents tend to give children an exaggerated sense of self-worth, leading to an inflated self-esteem that is not based on real accomplishments or abilities. This can create problems later in life when children are faced with challenges and failures that they are not prepared to handle.

Question 5

A significant change in self-description that appears at about age eight is a shift from descriptions focusing on

Accepted Answer

Around age eight, children's self-descriptions begin to shift from focus on physical characteristics to social qualities. This is a reflection of children's growing awareness of social norms and expectations, as well as their increasing involvement in peer relationships.

Question 6

The self-concept of most preschoolers is based on _____ traits.

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers generally form their self-concept based on physical traits such as appearance, abilities, and physical characteristics.

Question 7

Research on early temperament and later development suggests that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there is a meaningful relationship between early childhood temperament and later adult personality. Certain temperamental traits such as behavioral inhibition have been associated with later traits such as introversion or anxiety. However, it is important to note that early temperament is not determinative of adult personality and other factors such as environment and experience also play a significant role in shaping personality.

Question 8

When considering himself, Shaggy thinks, "While I am not any of these things, I should be smarter, less afraid, and good at detective work." These thoughts best represent Shaggy's

Accepted Answer

Shaggy's thoughts about wanting to be smarter, less afraid, and better at detective work represent his ideal self, which is his vision of what he ideally would like to be like.

Question 9

The temperament dimension of _____ is defined as the tendency to be sad or easily frustrated.

Accepted Answer

Negative affectivity refers to the extent to which an individual experiences negative emotions such as fear, sadness, and frustration.

Question 10

Which behavior would indicate that Manny has a high level of effortful control?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which behavior would indicate that Manny has...

Question 11

Ideal self is best defined as what a person

Accepted Answer

Ideal self refers to the attributes and qualities that an individual thinks they should possess or aspire to possess. It is a perceived standard of how one should be, rather than an accurate description of oneself.

Question 12

Which statement about the self-conception of typically preschoolers is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement about the self-conception of typically...

Question 13

Children who are high in self-esteem have parents who

Accepted Answer

Children who are high in self-esteem often have parents who have a warm and democratic parenting style. This means the parents are supportive and responsive to their children's needs, while also setting clear boundaries and expectations. Children with parents who are too permissive (A) may have difficulty developing self-discipline, while children with parents who are too controlling (B) may struggle to develop a sense of autonomy and self-worth. Discipline is an important aspect of parenting, but it should be done in a positive and constructive way, rather than through harsh punishment (D).

Question 14

When asked to describe his sister Maggie, Jake says, "It's like she is afraid all of the time." If accurate, this statement indicates that Maggie would likely score high on a measure of

Accepted Answer

Negative affectivity is a personality trait characterized by a tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, and irritability. Jake's description of Maggie as being afraid all of the time suggests that she may have a high level of negative affectivity.

Question 15

The fact that parents who are taught to interpret and respond more effectively to their child's cues can produce calmer infants who cry less best illustrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

Goodness-of-fit refers to how well the temperament of a child matches with the expectations and demands of their environment, such as their parents. By teaching parents to interpret and respond more effectively to their child's cues, they can better match their child's temperament, leading to a better fit and calmer infant who cries less.

Question 16

Which statement between temperament and later personality is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

An infant's high ability to exhibit effortful control actually predicts greater conscientiousness in later life, so statement D is false. The other statements are generally true and supported by research.

Question 17

Harter's self-perception research with older children indicated that self-esteem

Accepted Answer

Harter's self-perception research with older children indicated that self-esteem is multidimensional, consisting of several distinct domains.

Question 18

While Ginger has always thought of herself as the best dancer in the world, she has just begun to notice that some of the other kids in her class are better than she. This realization indicates that Ginger has begun to engage in

Accepted Answer

Social comparison is the process of evaluating oneself by comparing oneself to others. In this scenario, Ginger is comparing her dancing ability to that of her classmates, indicating that she is engaging in social comparison.

Question 19

At what age does personality tend to fully "gel" (i.e., begin to predict adult personality)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of At what age does personality tend to...

Question 20

The temperament dimension of _____ control is defined as the tendency to sustain attention.

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to an individual's ability to regulate and sustain their attention and effort in order to achieve a goal. It involves inhibitory control, attentional control, and activation control. Thus, the temperament dimension of effortful control is defined as the tendency to sustain attention.

Quiz 11: Self and Personality