In supermarket retailing there is an increased need to control costs and operate efficiently to compete with category killers.This need to be efficient has created:

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The increased need for supermarkets to operate efficiently has led to the adoption of the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) model. This allows retailers to work closely with their suppliers and streamline their supply chain management, inventory control, and logistics to improve productivity and reduce costs. Mass marketing, market segmentation, and hybrid systems are not directly related to the need for increased efficiency in supermarket retailing.

In Supermarket Retailing There Is an Increased Need to Control