Question 1

Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Nature is the unconditioned stimulus that naturally influences development, while nurture is the conditioned response that is shaped by environmental factors.

Question 2

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology. He discovered conditioned reflexes in dogs when he observed that they began to salivate at the sound of a bell that was repeatedly presented before they received food. This became known as classical conditioning and has been studied extensively in psychology. Thorndike, Skinner, and Watson made significant contributions to the field of psychology, but they are not credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning.

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

Accepted Answer

Extinction in psychology refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response. In scenario A, Alexis's conditioned responses (hand shaking and heart pounding) to the stimulus (hearing a car pull into the drive, which used to be associated with her dealer) have disappeared because the stimulus no longer predicts the drug delivery. This is a classic example of extinction.

Question 4

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws,and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Habituation refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure. In this scenario, the cat's initial excitement and playful behavior towards the felt mouse decreased after several tosses, indicating habituation. Adaptation refers to a genetic change in response to environmental pressures, conditioning involves learning through reward or punishment, and maturation refers to natural developmental changes over time. None of these fully explain the observed behavior in this scenario.

Question 5

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. This happens when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, causing the conditioned response to gradually weaken and eventually disappear.

Question 6

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about a response, resulting in the neutral stimulus alone also bringing about that response. Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments for behavior, observational learning involves learning by observing others, and instrumental conditioning is another name for operant conditioning.

Question 7

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is most effective when the neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus. This timing allows the organism to anticipate the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a stronger association between the two stimuli.

Question 8

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Habituation is a process in which there is a decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. This occurs because the brain determines that the stimulus is no longer relevant or significant.

Question 9

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.

Accepted Answer

These sounds act as conditioned stimuli because they have become associated with the traumatic events of war, triggering a response similar to the original trauma despite being in a safe environment.

Question 10

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the taste of dill pickles), elicits a conditioned response (in this case, craving for dill pickles). The sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf is now associated with the taste of pickles, and so it has become a conditioned stimulus for Tim's craving.

Question 11

Learning reflects _____.Maturation reflects _____.

Accepted Answer

Learning is influenced by environmental factors and experiences, hence it reflects nurture. Maturation is a process guided by genetic factors, thus it reflects nature.

Question 12

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, the neutral stimulus would be the knock on the door. The CS would be the knock on the door since it elicits a conditioned response (shaking hands, pounding heart) that was originally caused by the UCS, which is cocaine. Therefore, option C correctly identifies the neutral stimulus as the knock on the door, the CS as the knock on the door, and the UCS as cocaine.

Question 13

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Accepted Answer

Habituation refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas extinction refers to the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. Therefore, option B correctly identifies these concepts. Option A reverses the terms, while options C and D include unrelated concepts.

Question 14

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest. It becomes a conditioned stimulus after it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which naturally elicits the response of interest. Reflexive stimuli refer to automatic or involuntary responses, while normative stimuli refer to social norms that influence behavior. Unconditioned stimuli naturally elicit the response of interest without any prior conditioning.

Question 15

Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

Accepted Answer

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, the unconditioned stimulus was a loud noise that was produced to elicit an unconditioned response of fear. The conditioned stimulus was a white rat, and the neutral stimulus was Little Albert's initial response to the rat, which was not significant until it was paired with the loud noise. Therefore, A correctly identifies an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 16

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS)was _____.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was meat, which naturally elicited salivation in dogs. The neutral stimulus, which initially did not elicit salivation, was the bell. Through conditioning, the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS), eventually eliciting salivation on its own.

Question 17

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning process involves the following phases:
1) Acquisition, in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US), resulting in the development of a conditioned response (CR).
2) Extinction, in which the CS is presented repeatedly without the US, leading to the disappearance of the CR.
3) Spontaneous recovery, in which the reappearance of the CR can occur after a rest period, without any further conditioning trials.

The correct sequence of these phases is Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery. Therefore, option B (Acquisition F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 extinction F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spontaneous recovery) is the best choice as it arranges the phases of classical conditioning in this correct order.

Question 18

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

Accepted Answer

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) is originally a stimulus that does not elicit the desired response. However, by pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits the desired response, the NS eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the same response. Therefore, the CS and the conditioned response (CR) become related through this process.

Question 19

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

Accepted Answer

The term used to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience is learning. While growth and maturation are related to developmental changes that occur naturally over time, cognition refers to mental processes such as thinking, perception, and problem-solving.

Question 20

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally or automatically brings about a particular response without having been learned, whereas a conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a certain response. Neutral stimuli do not elicit any significant response, and normative stimuli are related to what is considered typical or standard behavior.

Quiz 6: Learning

Nature is to nurture what _ is to _.

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws,and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) .Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n) _____.

Learning reflects _.Maturation reflects _.

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?

_ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ___; the neutral stimulus was _; and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ___.

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last?

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Quiz 6: Learning

Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws,and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) .Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n) _____.

Learning reflects _____.Maturation reflects _____.

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS) was _____.

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last?

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Nature is to nurture what _ is to _.

Learning reflects _.Maturation reflects _.

_ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ___; the neutral stimulus was _; and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ___.