Question 1

All of the following statements regarding REM sleep are true EXCEPT:
A)heart rate increases and becomes irregular during REM sleep.
B)breathing rate increases during REM sleep.
C)vivid dreams occur during REM sleep.
D)the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

The activity of skeletal muscles decreases during REM sleep, which is why it is also known as paradoxical sleep.

Question 2

The onset of REM sleep _____ the release of neurotransmitters called _____.
A)increases; endorphins
B)decreases; endorphins
C)starts; monoamines
D)stops; monoamines

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the release of monoamines (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) is significantly reduced or stopped. This is part of the reason why REM sleep is associated with vivid dreaming, as the reduction in monoamine activity contributes to a unique state of brain activity.

Question 3

In general terms,how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep?
A)Their amplitude decreases.
B)Their frequency increases.
C)The brain waves become slower.
D)The brain waves become faster.

Accepted Answer

As a sleeper progresses from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep, the brain waves become slower. This is reflected in a decrease in frequency and an increase in amplitude, with delta waves becoming more prominent in stage 4 sleep.

Question 4

Momentary interruptions of spiky waves called sleep spindles are characteristic of _____ sleep.
A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles are characteristic of stage 2 sleep, which is a transition stage between light and deep sleep characterized by the presence of sleep spindles, K-complexes, and slower brain waves. Stage 1 sleep is also characterized by slower brain waves, but it does not typically have sleep spindles. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements and little to no muscle tone, and stage 4 sleep is the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, which is characterized by very slow brain waves known as delta waves.

Question 5

Which of the following early psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology?
A)Skinner
B)Watson
C)James
D)Freud

Accepted Answer

William James, one of the founders of American psychology, believed that the study of consciousness was central to psychology. He was interested in how the mind works and wanted to understand how people experience the world.

Question 6

Adults spend about _____% of their sleep in stage 2,and approximately _____% is spent in REM sleep.
A)25; 20
B)25; 50
C)50; 20
D)50; 35

Accepted Answer

Adults spend about 50% of their sleep in stage 2, and approximately 20% is spent in REM sleep.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is TRUE of REM sleep and dreaming?
A)It is the only sleep stage in which dreaming occurs.
B)The major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed during REM sleep.
C)It is in this stage that dreams are least vivid.
D)Dreams that occur in this stage can rarely be remembered.

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the body experiences muscle atonia, which is a state of temporary paralysis. This is thought to prevent the body from physically acting out the dream content.

(Note: A is false because dreaming can also occur during non-REM sleep stages. C is false because REM sleep is actually associated with vivid, emotionally intense dreams. D is false because some people are able to remember their dreams from REM sleep.)

Question 8

_____ is characterized by a slower,more regular wave pattern than the previous stage,along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."
A)REM
B)Stage 2 sleep
C)Stage 3 sleep
D)Stage 4 sleep

Accepted Answer

The slower, more regular wave pattern and sleep spindles characterize Stage 2 sleep. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement and the absence of muscle tone; Stage 3 and 4 sleep are characterized by progressively slower brain waves with more delta waves.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments?
A)Most people suffer permanent consequences of temporary sleep deprivation experiment.
B)They are more alert than people who do not take part in such experiments.
C)Their creativity levels remain unchanged.
D)They show a decline in logical reasoning ability.

Accepted Answer

People who participate in sleep deprivation experiments show a decline in their logical reasoning ability. This is one of the negative effects of sleep deprivation.

Question 10

_____ is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep,characterized by relatively rapid,low-amplitude brain waves.
A)Stage 1 sleep
B)Stage 2 sleep
C)Stage 3 sleep
D)Stage 4 sleep

Accepted Answer

Stage 1 sleep is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves. During stage 1 sleep, individuals may experience hypnic jerks or muscle twitches and may still be aware of their surroundings. Stage 1 sleep usually lasts for only a few minutes before transitioning into stage 2 sleep.

Question 11

Anya pulled all-nighters both last night and the night before.Tonight,finally,she anticipates going to bed at her usual time.Which of the following alternatives most accurately describes and identifies what Anya is likely to experience?
A)Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage.This phenomenon is called restoration.
B)Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage.This phenomenon is called rebound.
C)Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages.This phenomenon is called restoration.
D)Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages.This phenomenon is called rebound.

Accepted Answer

Anya is likely to experience REM rebound, where she spends more time in REM sleep than usual to compensate for the lack of REM sleep during her all-nighters.

Question 12

How long is a typical sleep cycle,in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?
A)1 hour
B)90 minutes
C)120 minutes
D)5 hours

Accepted Answer

A typical sleep cycle lasts around 90 minutes, and during this time, a sleeper progresses through all of the sleep stages. Therefore, the best choice is B. The other options are not accurate, as a sleep cycle is not typically only one hour, 120 minutes, or 5 hours.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of dreams occurring in REM sleep and NREM sleep?
A)Dreams occur only in REM sleep.
B)Dreams are equally likely to occur in REM and NREM sleep.
C)Dreams occur in NREM sleep,but less frequently than in REM sleep; NREM dreams are also less vivid than dreams in REM sleep.
D)Dreams occur in NREM sleep,but less frequently than in REM sleep; however,NREM dreams are more vivid than dreams in REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Dreams occur in both REM and NREM sleep, but they are more frequent and vivid in REM sleep. NREM dreams are less frequent and less vivid than dreams in REM sleep.

Question 14

_____ is the deepest stage of sleep,during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.
A)Stage 1 sleep
B)Stage 2 sleep
C)Stage 3 sleep
D)Stage 4 sleep

Accepted Answer

Stage 4 sleep, also called delta or slow-wave sleep, is the deepest stage of sleep during which it is difficult to wake up and we are least responsive to outside stimulation.

Question 15

Of the NREM sleep stages,stage _____ is the longest for people in their early 20s.
A)2
B)4
C)3
D)1

Accepted Answer

Stage 2 of NREM sleep is typically the longest stage for people in their early 20s, occupying approximately 45-55% of their total sleep time.

Question 16

During _____,images sometimes appear,as if we were viewing still photos.
A)stage 1 sleep
B)stage 2 sleep
C)stage 3 sleep
D)stage 4 sleep

Accepted Answer

During stage 1 sleep, people often experience hypnagogic imagery, which can include vivid, dream-like images that resemble viewing still photos. This stage is a light sleep phase where one can be easily awakened.

Question 17

_____ is the awareness of the sensations,thoughts,and feelings we experience at a given moment.
A)Perception
B)Intelligence
C)Speculation
D)Consciousness

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to the awareness of our surroundings as well as the personal sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at any given moment.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE of sleeping patterns of men and women?
A)Women typically fall asleep more quickly than men.
B)Women have fewer concerns about the amount of sleep they get than men.
C)Men sleep for longer periods and more deeply than women.
D)Men get up fewer times in the night than women.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that women tend to fall asleep faster than men. This may be due to a number of factors, including differences in hormones, brain activity, and lifestyle habits.

Note: None of the other options are supported by research. Men and women typically have comparable concerns about sleep, and there is no clear evidence that one gender sleeps longer or more deeply than the other. Men may be less likely to get up in the night to use the restroom, but this can vary widely between individuals.

Question 19

REM sleep is paradoxical because:
A)the brain is active,but the major skeletal muscles appear to be paralyzed.
B)the skeletal muscles remain active,but the brain is inactive.
C)the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D)both the brain and the body are inactive.

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the brain is highly active, but the body experiences a state of muscle paralysis called atonia. This is why it is referred to as paradoxical sleep. Option B and D are incorrect because the skeletal muscles are not active during REM sleep, and both the brain and body are active during REM sleep, making option C incorrect as well.

Question 20

Most people today sleep between _____ hours each night.
A)2-3
B)10-11
C)4-5
D)7-8

Accepted Answer

According to sleep experts, adults need an average of 7-8 hours of sleep per night for optimal health and functioning.

Quiz 5: States of Consciousness

All of the following statements regarding REM sleep are true EXCEPT:

The onset of REM sleep _ the release of neurotransmitters called _.

In general terms,how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep?

Momentary interruptions of spiky waves called sleep spindles are characteristic of _____ sleep.

Which of the following early psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology?

Adults spend about _% of their sleep in stage 2,and approximately _% is spent in REM sleep.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of REM sleep and dreaming?

_____ is characterized by a slower,more regular wave pattern than the previous stage,along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."

Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments?

_____ is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep,characterized by relatively rapid,low-amplitude brain waves.

Anya pulled all-nighters both last night and the night before.Tonight,finally,she anticipates going to bed at her usual time.Which of the following alternatives most accurately describes and identifies what Anya is likely to experience?

How long is a typical sleep cycle,in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

Which of the following statements is true of dreams occurring in REM sleep and NREM sleep?

_____ is the deepest stage of sleep,during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.

Of the NREM sleep stages,stage _____ is the longest for people in their early 20s.

During _____,images sometimes appear,as if we were viewing still photos.

_____ is the awareness of the sensations,thoughts,and feelings we experience at a given moment.

Which of the following is TRUE of sleeping patterns of men and women?

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

Most people today sleep between _____ hours each night.