Question 1

Marcos is 16 and eager to graduate from high school and go on to college.He has a clear sense of what he wants for a career and has well-defined values.Which of the following BEST accounts for Marcos' sense of identity?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy is the stage during which children start to develop a sense of personal control over their environment and their choices. This includes developing a sense of self and identity. Marcos' sense of identity can be attributed to his successful resolution of this stage during his childhood development.

Question 2

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is MOST likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, an infant instinctively and indiscriminately directs attachment behavior towards familiar and unfamiliar people. This is known as the "pre-attachment" phase, which occurs during the first few months of life. Infants are not yet able to distinguish between caregivers and other people, and their behavior towards all individuals is generally the same. This phase is followed by the "attachment-in-the-making" phase, during which infants begin to demonstrate preference for particular caregivers and show signs of anxiety towards strangers (option A). It is during this phase that infants begin to form specific attachments to one person (option B) and may still be in the process of forming attachments with other important caregivers, like fathers (option C).

Question 3

Nine-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Tyler will MOST likely

Accepted Answer

At nine months old, Tyler is unlikely to have developed self-recognition. He will likely perceive the reflection as another child and may touch the spot on the mirror out of curiosity.

Question 4

According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to John Bowlby,at what age do...

Question 5

In the Strange Situation,Jermaine used his mother as "secure base" as he actively explored the playroom.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as

Accepted Answer

Jermaine's use of his mother as a secure base while actively exploring the playroom is a behavior consistent with secure attachment according to Mary Ainsworth's research. Securely attached children are able to use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore their environment, while also seeking comfort and reassurance from them. The other options (B, C, D) are not relevant categories for classification in the Strange Situation.

Question 6

Attachment theorists would AGREE on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Attachment theorists generally agree that sensitive responsiveness from caregivers is crucial for infants to develop secure attachments. While some theorists may argue that there is a critical period for attachment during infancy, others believe that attachment can develop at any time during childhood. Additionally, while a primary caregiver may be important for attachment, some theorists also emphasize the importance of forming attachments with multiple caregivers. Finally, while temperament may influence attachment, it is not generally considered more important than sensitive caregiving.

Question 7

Some researchers challenge findings based on use of the Strange Situation because

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation is a controlled laboratory procedure and does not necessarily reflect real-life situations. The artificial conditions of the Strange Situation limit the generalizability of the findings.

Answer: B 
 The Strange Situation does not provide full control of contextual variables that may potentially influence child behavior. Therefore, some researchers argue that findings based on the Strange Situation may not be entirely accurate.

Answer: C 
 Observers' impressions can be biased when using the Strange Situation, leading to an inaccurate interpretation of the child's behavior. Therefore, some researchers challenge the validity of the Strange Situation as a reliable measure of attachment.

Answer: D 
 The Strange Situation is a controversial procedure as it can cause distress to infants and is considered unethical by some researchers. However, the validity of findings based on the Strange Situation is not solely challenged on ethical grounds.

Question 8

Attachment refers to

Accepted Answer

Attachment refers to the close emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver. It is a relationship that provides the infant with a sense of security and comfort, and serves as a foundation for future social and emotional development.

Question 9

Jerome Kagan's views on attachment stress

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan is known for his work on temperament, which refers to an individual's innate personality traits and behavioral tendencies. Kagan argues that a child's temperament plays a significant role in how they respond to stressors, including those related to attachment. This includes factors such as a child's reactivity level, adaptability, and sociability, among others.

Question 10

The Harry Harlow (1958)study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding.What evidence was used to support this conclusion?

Accepted Answer

In the study, baby monkeys showed a preference for the cloth surrogate mother even when it did not provide food, indicating that contact comfort was more important for attachment than feeding. The monkeys also exhibited distress when separated from the cloth surrogate mother, further supporting the importance of contact comfort for attachment. Additionally, the monkeys showed less attachment to the wire surrogate mother even when it provided food, suggesting that feeding alone was not sufficient for attachment.

Question 11

In the Strange Situation,Latoya basically ignored her mother,was not upset when she left the room,and did not seek her out when she returned.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as

Accepted Answer

Latoya's behavior of ignoring her mother, showing no distress upon her leaving, and not seeking her out upon her return is indicative of insecure-avoidant attachment.

Question 12

In the Strange Situation,Cameron did not explore the playroom,clung to his mother when she was in the room,and was very upset when she left the room.When she returned,he appeared to be ambivalent-both wanting to be comforted by his mother,but pushing her away when she attempted to do so.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as

Accepted Answer

Cameron's behavior in the Strange Situation indicates that he is insecurely attached. However, his behavior of being upset when his mother leaves and seeking comfort when she returns is indicative of the insecure-resistant attachment style. In this attachment style, infants are anxious and clingy in the presence of their caregiver, but also resist comfort when the caregiver returns. This behavior suggests that Cameron is unsure of his mother's availability and reliability as a source of comfort, causing him to both seek and reject her attempts at soothing him.

Question 13

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth.It requires the infant to

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation involves a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the mother and a stranger, allowing observers to assess the quality of the infant's attachment based on their behavior during these interactions. Options A, C, and D involve different scenarios that do not accurately describe the Strange Situation.

Question 14

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

Accepted Answer

Overprotectiveness can create a sense of doubt in children because they are not allowed to explore and learn from their mistakes. Criticism can create a sense of shame by making children feel like they are not good enough or that their efforts are not appreciated.

Question 15

According to some research,what might be more important than attachment style in predicting later social functioning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to some research,what might be more...

Question 16

According to Erik Erikson,which of the following is true concerning children and autonomy?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, children develop autonomy first as they begin to explore and make decisions for themselves. However, if they are consistently overprotected or criticized, they can develop a sense of shame and doubt in their abilities, which can hinder their autonomy. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 17

When put on the floor to play,baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held.When her mother picks her up,though,Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is

Accepted Answer

The answer of When put on the floor to play,baby...

Question 18

In a classic study of attachment by Harry Harlow,infant monkeys spent more time with the _______ monkey regardless of which monkey fed them.

Accepted Answer

In Harlow's study, the infant monkeys spent more time with the cloth monkey, which provided them with comfort and warmth, even though the wire monkey provided them with food. This demonstrated that the monkeys were forming attachments based on more than just basic needs such as food.

Question 19

Janine impatiently grabs the door handle from her toddler daughter,quickly opens the door,and hurries the little girl through.Erik Erikson would say that Janine's daughter

Accepted Answer

Janine's behavior of impatiently grabbing the door handle and hurrying her daughter through suggests a lack of patience and support for the child's growing sense of autonomy. This is likely to result in the child developing a sense of shame and doubt, according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. If this type of interaction occurs consistently, it is likely to further reinforce the child's sense of shame and doubt.

Question 20

Twenty-month-old Misha is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Misha will MOST likely

Accepted Answer

At around 18-24 months, children begin to develop self-recognition and can recognize themselves in the mirror. When they see a mark on their own face, they will try to touch and wipe it off. Therefore, Misha is most likely to touch his own nose to try to wipe off the spot.

Quiz 4: Physical Development and Health