Question 1

In which of the following circumstances should the mother NOT breast feed her baby?

Accepted Answer

HIV can be transmitted through breast milk, so mothers with AIDS should not breastfeed their babies to prevent the transmission of the virus.

Question 2

Franz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action.He is most likely holding a(n)_____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The ecological perspective proposes that perception is shaped by the environment and is designed for action, which aligns with Franz's beliefs. The ethological perspective focuses on innate behavior patterns and the evolutionary perspective emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping behavior. The genetic perspective looks at the role of genes in behavior.

Question 3

_____ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn's movements,which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.

Accepted Answer

Reflexes are built-in reactions to stimuli that are automatic and beyond the newborn's control. Instincts, impulses, and urges are more complex behaviors that are developed over time through learning and experience.

Question 4

Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early,so they take the baby's favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position.Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will thus result in him walking sooner.Their belief is most consistent with the _____ systems view of development.

Accepted Answer

The dynamic systems view of development emphasizes the interaction and integration of multiple systems, such as motor skills, perception, motivation, and cognition, in guiding the emergence and progression of developmental milestones, including walking. Kyle and Amy's strategy of placing the toy out of reach to stimulate the baby's motivation to stand and walk is consistent with this view, as they are leveraging the interplay between the baby's developing motor skills and their attention to environmental cues to facilitate the acquisition of a new skill. The maturational view, in contrast, would suggest that the baby's readiness and genetic predisposition to walk are the primary factors determining when walking begins. The evolutionary view would focus on the adaptive value of walking for survival and reproduction. The static view would assume that development is largely predetermined and fixed, with little room for environmental influence.

Question 5

The view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an infant's problems is known as _____ systems theory.

Accepted Answer

Dynamic systems theory suggests that motor skills develop as infants actively solve problems and adapt to their environment.

Question 6

What is the foundation needed for gross motor skills to develop?

Accepted Answer

Postural control is necessary for the development of gross motor skills as it allows for the ability to maintain and control body position for movement. Without postural control, a child would have difficulty developing gross motor skills such as crawling, walking, and running. While a developed muscular system and reflexive behavior play a role in gross motor development, they are not the foundation needed for it to occur. Cognitive skills are not directly related to gross motor development.

Question 7

The interpretation of sensory information is called:

Accepted Answer

Sensation refers to the initial process of detecting and encoding sensory information, while reception refers to the physical process of receiving sensory information. Perception involves the interpretation and organization of sensory information to form a meaningful representation of the world. Transition is not a term commonly used in the study of sensory processing.

Question 8

Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise,she responds with a _____ reflex where she arches her back,throws back her head,flings out her arms and legs,and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.

Accepted Answer

The Moro reflex is characterized by the baby arching her back, throwing back her head, flinging out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closing her arms and legs. It is a response to a loud noise or unexpected movement. The rooting reflex involves the baby turning her head towards a stimulus that touches her cheek or mouth, the grasping reflex is when the baby grasps an object placed into her hand, and the fencing reflex is when the baby assumes a position resembling a fencer's stance.

Question 9

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son,she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and,in a _____ reflex,he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast.

Accepted Answer

The rooting reflex is when a newborn turns their head towards the side that was touched in search of a nipple for feeding. This is precisely what is described in the scenario.

Question 10

For years,debate has focused on whether breast feeding is better for the infant than bottle feeding.The growing consensus is that:

Accepted Answer

The growing consensus is that breast feeding is better for the baby's health. Breast milk contains natural antibodies and nutrients that can help protect the baby from infections and illnesses. Breastfeeding has also been associated with a reduced risk for certain health conditions such as asthma, obesity, and diabetes later in life. Additionally, breast feeding provides benefits for the mother, such as a reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Overall, breast feeding is the recommended method of feeding for infants, unless there are specific medical concerns that make it difficult or impossible.

Question 11

In the "sticky mittens" research project,it was found that:

Accepted Answer

The "sticky mittens" research project found that infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier.

Question 12

Infants who spent most of their time sleeping during the night as opposed to during the day

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that infants who sleep more at night tend to have higher levels of executive function in early childhood, including better attention, self-regulation, and working memory skills. There is no evidence to suggest that night sleep affects the likelihood of nightmares or sibling problems, and language delays are not associated with night sleep patterns.

Question 13

Reaching in 4-month-old infants is guided by:

Accepted Answer

Reaching in 4-month-old infants is guided by cues from muscles, tendons, and joints. At this age, infants have not yet developed a fully integrated visual system and rely more on their proprioceptive (body position) and kinesthetic (movement) senses to guide their movements.

Question 14

_____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors-the eyes,ears,tongue,nostrils,and skin.

Accepted Answer

Sensation is the process in which information interacts with sensory receptors, leading to the activation of those receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the brain. This process is distinct from perception, which involves the interpretation and integration of sensory information by the brain. Reception refers to the initial detection of sensory stimuli by the sensory receptors, while transition is not a relevant term in this context.

Question 15

_____ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities,such as moving one's arms and walking.

Accepted Answer

Gross motor skills refer to the development and use of the large muscles in the arms, legs, and torso to perform physical activities such as crawling, walking, running, jumping, and climbing.

Question 16

When 4-year-old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses fork and spoon,she is demonstrating her:

Accepted Answer

Tying shoelaces and using utensils require precise and coordinated movements of the fingers, which are categorized as fine motor skills. Rooting and Moro reflexes are primitive reflexes that are typically present in infants and disappear as they mature. Gross motor skills involve larger muscle groups and movements, such as walking, jumping, and running.

Question 17

Nadine's doctor is assessing her fine motor skills,thus they are going to look at her ability to:

Accepted Answer

Fine motor skills refer to the ability to perform finely tuned movements with small muscles, such as those in the fingers and wrists. Using a pencil is an example of a fine motor skill, making choice C the best option. Choices A, B, and D refer to gross motor skills that involve larger muscles or reflexive movements.

Question 18

Jake,age 11 months,is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger.Jake has developed the:

Accepted Answer

The ability to pick up small objects between the thumb and forefinger is called the pincer grip, which typically develops between 9 and 12 months of age. The palmer grasp refers to the reflexive grip infants have where objects are grasped with their entire hand, while the Moro reflex and fencing reflex are primitive reflexes that infants exhibit in response to certain stimuli.

Question 19

A national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4- to 24-month-olds documented that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A national study of more than 3,000...

Question 20

In which of the following circumstances is it recommended that a mother NOT breast feed?

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding is not recommended if the mother has active tuberculosis, as the infection can be transmitted to the baby through breast milk. In all other circumstances, breastfeeding is recommended as it provides numerous benefits for both the mother and baby.

Quiz 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy