Question 1

Greta is not at all bothered when she has been underrewarded for her work. According to recent research on equity sensitivity, Greta is MOST likely a(n):

Accepted Answer

Benevolents are individuals who are less concerned about being underrewarded compared to others. They are more tolerant of situations where they receive less than what might be considered their "fair share," aligning with Greta's described attitude.

Question 2

Research has found that providing external reinforcement reduces intrinsic motivation. This phenomenon is known as the:

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect occurs when external reinforcement (such as rewards or praise) reduces a person's intrinsic motivation, because the person begins to view the behavior as being driven by the rewards rather than by their own inherent interest or enjoyment in the activity. This effect has been demonstrated in numerous studies, particularly in the context of rewards for children's academic performance. The other options (A, B, and D) are not related to this specific phenomenon.

Question 3

Carlos is an HR manager in a manufacturing plant who wants to motivate his employees. He uses job characteristics theory to guide his efforts. One step Carlos will take is:

Accepted Answer

Job characteristics theory suggests that employees are motivated when their job provides a sense of meaningfulness, responsibility, knowledge of results, and autonomy. One way Carlos can increase meaningfulness is by helping employees see how their efforts impact the final product and satisfaction of customers. Decreasing autonomy (option B) would be counterproductive to the theory. Giving all employees a raise (option C) may provide extrinsic motivation but does not necessarily increase the job characteristics that lead to intrinsic motivation. Setting difficult, specific goals (option D) can be effective but does not necessarily address all the job characteristics identified in the theory.

Question 4

Larry wants to use organizational behavior management to help motivate his employees. What is the first step he should take?

Accepted Answer

The first step in using organizational behavior management to motivate employees is to identify what behaviors need to be changed. This sets the foundation for the subsequent steps of measurement, intervention, and evaluation.

Question 5

According to self-determination theory, in order to be motivated, employees need to feel that they have personal control over their actions. This feeling is known as:

Accepted Answer

Autonomy is the feeling of personal control over one's own actions and is one of the three basic psychological needs according to self-determination theory. The other two are relatedness and competence. Valence, on the other hand, refers to the degree of preference for a particular outcome or reward.

Question 6

According to self-determination theory, employees need to feel a sense of belonging and connectedness to other individuals or groups. This sense is known as:

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory asserts that relatedness or the need for belonging and connectedness to others is one of the three basic psychological needs that must be fulfilled for employees to experience high levels of motivation and job satisfaction. The other two needs are autonomy and competence.

Question 7

Maslow's physiological and safety needs correspond to Alderfer's _____ needs.

Accepted Answer

Alderfer's existence needs are equivalent to Maslow's physiological and safety needs, as they both pertain to basic needs for survival, such as food, shelter, and safety.

Question 8

In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for competence, _____, and autonomy need to be met.

Accepted Answer

According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, people's needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy need to be met in order to foster high levels of well-being and motivation. Hygiene is not one of the needs suggested by the theory, valence is a concept from expectancy theory and is not directly related to self-determination theory.

Question 9

Emmy has received a poor grade in a class. When she visits her professor to discuss it, the professor is very polite and kind, but doesn't really explain how Emmy earned her grade. Emmy likely experiences high _____ justice and low _____ justice.

Accepted Answer

Emmy likely experiences high interactional justice due to the professor's polite and kind demeanor, but low informational justice because the professor does not provide a clear explanation of how her grade was determined.

Question 10

Duke knows that good performance is rewarded with extra vacation time, and Duke really values having that vacation time so he can travel. In expectancy theory, Duke's expectation that he will be satisfied by having time off is known as:

Accepted Answer

Valence is the value an individual places on an outcome or reward. In this situation, Duke values vacation time, which is a desired outcome for him. The other options, expectancy, instrumentality, and inputs, are not applicable to this situation as they refer to other aspects of expectancy theory such as the belief that effort leads to performance, performance leads to outcomes, and inputs or contributions to the job.

Question 11

Maslow's esteem and self-actualization needs correspond to Alderfer's _____ needs.

Accepted Answer

Alderfer's growth needs include self-esteem and self-actualization, which are similar to Maslow's esteem and self-actualization needs.

Question 12

James is an administrative assistant whose main job is to answer phones and book appointments. However, he is also talented in programming, and modifies his job so that he can also update the company website because he finds that work engaging. James is engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Job crafting is the process by which employees redefine their job tasks, roles, and responsibilities to make their work more meaningful and engaging. In this case, James has modified his job duties to include website updates, which is an example of job crafting. Job modeling refers to the socialization process in which an employee learns how to behave in their new job by observing and copying the behavior of others. Job flex and job plasticity are not recognized terms in the field of organizational behavior.

Question 13

In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for _____, relatedness, and autonomy need to be met.

Accepted Answer

Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory proposes that three basic psychological needs must be fulfilled to promote well-being and motivation. These needs are competence (the need to feel capable and effective), relatedness (the need to have positive relationships with others), and autonomy (the need to feel in control of one's own life and decisions). None of the other choices listed (instrumentality, safety, and expectancy) are components of their theory.

Question 14

According to the two-factor theory, which of these is an example of a hygienes factor?

Accepted Answer

According to the two-factor theory, hygiene factors are aspects of the work environment that don't necessarily lead to motivation but can result in dissatisfaction if they're subpar. Hygiene factors include things like working conditions, salary, job security, and company policies. Recognition, interesting work, and advancement opportunities are all examples of motivators, which are factors that can contribute to employees feeling fulfilled and satisfied in their work.

Question 15

Melania is not interested in fulfilling higher order needs. She wants to go to her job, do the same thing every day, and go home and not think about her work. She has no desire to learn or get promoted. In this case, Hackman and Oldham might suggest Melania has low:

Accepted Answer

Hackman and Oldham propose the Job Characteristics Theory, which includes "growth need strength" as one of the five core job characteristics. Growth need strength refers to an individual's desire for personal growth and development through their work. Since Melania has no desire to learn or get promoted, she likely has low growth need strength.

Question 16

Sahu has set a goal to have her assigned textbook chapters read by Thursday of each week. She realizes that she is much more likely to rush through the reading on Sunday instead. According to control theory, what is Sahu's likely response?

Accepted Answer

According to control theory, individuals who experience a discrepancy between their goals and their behavior are more likely to be motivated to change that behavior. Therefore, Sahu is likely to be more motivated to start studying earlier if she realizes that she is not meeting her goal of having the assigned readings done by Thursday. Option A and D are unlikely because there is no information to suggest that Sahu would give up studying altogether or seek advice from friends. Option B may, in some cases, be correct, but since Sahu acknowledges the discrepancy between her behavior and her goal, she is more likely to be motivated to change.

Question 17

According to self-determination theory, in order to be motivated, employees need to feel as though they are successful in their work. This feeling is known as:

Accepted Answer

According to self-determination theory, the feeling of being successful in their work is associated with the need for competence. Autonomy refers to the feeling of having control over one's work, while self-esteem relates to one's overall self-worth. Expectancy is a concept in expectancy theory related to the belief that effort will lead to performance.

Question 18

According to the two-factor theory, which of these is an example of a motivator?

Accepted Answer

According to the two-factor theory, motivators are factors that directly impact job satisfaction and include things like responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for personal growth. Salary, working conditions, and supervision are all examples of hygiene factors, which impact job dissatisfaction if they are not adequate but do not directly lead to job satisfaction.

Question 19

In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for competence, relatedness, and _____ need to be met.

Accepted Answer

According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, people's needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy need to be met to foster well-being and motivation. Self-esteem and safety are not specifically mentioned as core psychological needs in this theory. Expectancy is a concept in expectancy-value theory, which is related to motivation but not specifically addressed in the self-determination theory.

Question 20

Erika is very bothered when she feels that she has been underrewarded for her work. According to recent research on equity sensitivity, Erika is MOST likely a(n):

Accepted Answer

Entitled individuals are more likely to feel bothered when they perceive that they have been underrewarded for their work, as they expect to receive more than others for their contributions.

Quiz 9: Motivation

Greta is not at all bothered when she has been underrewarded for her work. According to recent research on equity sensitivity, Greta is MOST likely a(n) :