Question 1

George Berkeley
-According to Philonous,the concept of "material substance" or "pure substance" is disproved for all of the following reasons except

Accepted Answer

Philonous does not argue that material substance is impossible to exist because it cannot be sensed. On the other hand, he argues that we do not sense material substances but rather only ideas of things, so the concept of a "pure substance" is unnecessary. Philonous also argues that material substance has no qualities, and therefore could not possess all qualities that things in the world do. Finally, he argues that it is impossible to prove a connection between material substance and ideas, even if material substance did exist.

Question 2

George Berkeley
-If matter is non-existent,then perceived objects

Accepted Answer

George Berkeley, an idealist philosopher, posited that the physical world exists only in the perceptions we have of it. According to him, what we consider to be matter is actually just a collection of perceptions, hence objects are "made up of perceptions and not matter."

Question 3

Gottfried Leibniz
-In explaining the relation between body and soul,Leibniz thinks that life after death is certain because

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gottfried Leibniz
-In explaining the relation between body...

Question 4

George Berkeley
-Imagine if Descartes entered into the dialogue.What might Philonous say to him regarding Descartes' old problem of the interaction of mind and body?

Accepted Answer

George Berkeley, through his character Philonous, would argue that the physical world, including the body, exists only as perceptions in the mind. For Berkeley, there is no material substance; everything is dependent on being perceived. Thus, the body is just an idea in the mind.

Question 5

George Berkeley
-According to Philonous,when I am no longer perceiving my computer

Accepted Answer

George Berkeley, through the character Philonous, argues that objects continue to exist because they are always being perceived by God, even when no human is perceiving them. This is part of Berkeley's idealism, which posits that objects exist only as perceptions in minds, and God's mind provides the continuity of existence for objects when they are not being perceived by humans.

Question 6

George Berkeley
-Pure intellect,says Philonous,

Accepted Answer

George Berkeley, an idealist philosopher, argued that our understanding of the world is fundamentally shaped by our perceptions and that the only things we can know are those that are perceived. He did not believe in the existence of matter outside of perception, thus, pure intellect, in his view, would relate only to spiritual objects, not to abstract ideas, extended sensible things, or a priori, innate knowledge of the world.

Question 7

Gottfried Leibniz
-Which of the following is not characteristic of monads?

Accepted Answer

Monads are self-sufficient, indivisible units that are not created by anything external to themselves. They are characterized by their lack of spatial and temporal attributes, as well as their self-contained nature. Therefore, monads are not created by other monads, making D the incorrect answer.

Question 8

George Berkeley
-In setting aside theory and really contemplating the beauties of the world,Philonous ironically concludes

Accepted Answer

The answer of George Berkeley
-In setting aside theory and really...

Question 9

George Berkeley
-Philonous shows that the things we sense in the world

Accepted Answer

Philonous argues that the things we sense only exist in our perception and have no independent existence outside of our minds. He believes that our senses provide us with ideas or experiences of things, but these experiences do not necessarily correspond to the nature of the external world. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 10

Gottfried Leibniz
-From a human point of view,given that God determines our natures,how ought we approach situations in which we must will a decision?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gottfried Leibniz
-From a human point of view,given...

Question 11

George Berkeley
-Philonous looks at Locke's primary and secondary qualities distinction and concludes

Accepted Answer

Philonous argues that both primary and secondary qualities are non-representative of the world. He believes that primary qualities, like size and shape, are as much products of our perceptions as secondary qualities, like color and taste.

Question 12

Gottfried Leibniz
-Leibniz attempts to solve the mind/body debate by proposing the solution that

Accepted Answer

Leibniz's solution to the mind/body problem is known as the doctrine of pre-established harmony. According to this doctrine, mind and body do not interact with each other directly, but instead, each monad follows its own predetermined path to create the appearance of interaction. Leibniz believed that God had pre-arranged the harmony between mind and body monads so that they always behave in a way that is consistent with each other, although they do not causally affect one another directly. Therefore, choice C is the best option.

Question 13

George Berkeley
-The objects which we see in the world have qualities,such as color,which are

Accepted Answer

George Berkeley, an idealist philosopher, argued that the qualities we perceive in objects, including color, are present only in our perception. He believed that all qualities are subjective and exist in the mind of the perceiver, not in the objects themselves.

Question 14

Gottfried Leibniz
-All human knowledge,including knowledge of God,is innate because

Accepted Answer

Leibniz believed that our minds are not blank slates at birth (tabula rasa), but rather that we have innate capacities and principles for understanding the world. He argued that our minds are pre-equipped with certain concepts and ways of thinking, which are not derived from sensory experience. This view contrasts with the empirical perspective that knowledge comes only from sensory experience. Leibniz's position suggests that our ability to perceive and understand the world, including knowledge of God, is inherent, not solely dependent on sensory input or external teaching.

Question 15

George Berkeley
-If all matter is merely an idea,then all motion is

Accepted Answer

The answer of George Berkeley
-If all matter is merely an...

Question 16

George Berkeley
-In the analogy of the fire,Philonous shows Hylas that the heat is a perception and not a thing because

Accepted Answer

Berkeley's philosophy, as demonstrated through Philonous, argues that what we perceive, such as heat, is not an inherent quality of objects (like fire) but rather a sensation or perception experienced by the observer. This means that a "senseless object" like fire cannot itself possess sensations like heat; instead, heat is a perception experienced by the observer.

Question 17

Gottfried Leibniz
-How does Leibniz contrast the nature of God with those of what he calls created monads?

Accepted Answer

Leibniz argues that God is a primitive unit with infinite, perfect attributes, unlike the created monads who are products of God's fundamental unit. Created monads are lesser entities that result from the substance of God's original unit being divided and developed into individual units. Therefore, Leibniz contrasts the nature of God with that of created monads by highlighting the difference in their attributes and origins.

Question 18

George Berkeley
-Philonous argues that objects of the senses,i.e.,combinations of ideas,cannot exist without a mind perceiving them because

Accepted Answer

Philonous argues that the senses do not exist in objects but in the mind; therefore, the objects exist in the perception of them. This means that objects of the senses, which are combinations of ideas, cannot exist without a mind perceiving them.

Question 19

George Berkeley
-Philonous' analogy of letters representing ideas to the mind is an attempt to get Hylas to see that

Accepted Answer

Philonous is using the analogy of letters representing ideas to the mind to argue that the material world is represented to us by our senses but is not necessarily composed of matter. This is similar to how letters represent ideas but are not the same as the ideas themselves. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 20

Gottfried Leibniz
-Soul and spirit monads are alike in that

Accepted Answer

Both soul and spirit monads have memory which allows them to link their perceptions and gain knowledge.

Answer: B 
 Both soul and spirit monads are self-aware and can reflect on their own perceptions.

Answer: C 
 Both soul and spirit monads are linked with a cluster of monads.

Answer: D 
 This statement is incorrect as both soul and spirit monads contain both perception and appetition.

Quiz 1: Ancient Greek Philosophy

George Berkeley -According to Philonous,the concept of "material substance" or "pure substance" is disproved for all of the following reasons except

George Berkeley -If matter is non-existent,then perceived objects

Gottfried Leibniz -In explaining the relation between body and soul,Leibniz thinks that life after death is certain because

George Berkeley -Imagine if Descartes entered into the dialogue.What might Philonous say to him regarding Descartes' old problem of the interaction of mind and body?

George Berkeley -According to Philonous,when I am no longer perceiving my computer

George Berkeley -Pure intellect,says Philonous,

Gottfried Leibniz -Which of the following is not characteristic of monads?

George Berkeley -In setting aside theory and really contemplating the beauties of the world,Philonous ironically concludes

George Berkeley -Philonous shows that the things we sense in the world

Gottfried Leibniz -From a human point of view,given that God determines our natures,how ought we approach situations in which we must will a decision?

George Berkeley -Philonous looks at Locke's primary and secondary qualities distinction and concludes

Gottfried Leibniz -Leibniz attempts to solve the mind/body debate by proposing the solution that

George Berkeley -The objects which we see in the world have qualities,such as color,which are

Gottfried Leibniz -All human knowledge,including knowledge of God,is innate because

George Berkeley -If all matter is merely an idea,then all motion is

George Berkeley -In the analogy of the fire,Philonous shows Hylas that the heat is a perception and not a thing because

Gottfried Leibniz -How does Leibniz contrast the nature of God with those of what he calls created monads?

George Berkeley -Philonous argues that objects of the senses,i.e.,combinations of ideas,cannot exist without a mind perceiving them because

George Berkeley -Philonous' analogy of letters representing ideas to the mind is an attempt to get Hylas to see that

Gottfried Leibniz -Soul and spirit monads are alike in that