Question 1

Which of the following statements is NOT a specific view taken by humanistic psychologists such as Carl Rogers?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychologists, such as Carl Rogers, do not believe that satisfying unconscious urges leads to healthier personalities. They focus on the importance of self-actualization, personal growth, and the role of positive relationships, such as parental love and acceptance and unconditional positive regard, in fostering healthy self-esteem and overall well-being.

Question 2

During the phallic stage,children develop hostility toward the same-sex parent because they desire an exclusive relationship with the opposite-sex parent.Freud argued that this conflict is typically resolved by the:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, during the phallic stage, children develop an Oedipus or Electra complex, which involves their desire for a exclusive relationship with the opposite-sex parent and hostility towards the same-sex parent. Freud argued that this conflict is typically resolved by the child adopting many of the same-sex parent's values and ideals, as a way to identify with them and reduce the anxiety caused by their desires. This process is called identification and is seen as a major defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory.

Question 3

In this psychosexual stage,the erogenous zone centers on the genitals.

Accepted Answer

The phallic stage, according to Freud's psychosexual theory, is characterized by the child's curiosity about his or her own genitals as well as those of others. The erogenous zone of this stage is centered on the genitals. This stage is believed to occur between the ages of 3 and 6 years old.

Question 4

Based on Freud's theory of psychosexual stages,which of the following would you most expect to hear a 5-year-old boy say to his mother?

Accepted Answer

During the phallic stage of Freud's psychosexual stages (ages 3-6), children are said to develop a special interest in their genitalia and in the parent of the opposite sex, leading to the Oedipus complex in boys. A boy might express this by complimenting his mother's appearance, hence "You are soooo beautiful!" aligns with this stage.

Question 5

The correct order for the development of Freud's psychosexual stages is:

Accepted Answer

This is the correct and chronological order of Freud's psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The other answer choices have incorrect orders of the stages.

Question 6

If working through unconscious conflicts is central to healthy personality in Freud's psychodynamic theory,then ________ is central to healthy personality in Roger's person-centered theory.

Accepted Answer

According to Roger's person-centered theory, the central component of healthy personality is self-acceptance or unconditional positive regard. This involves accepting oneself for who they are without the need for external validation or conditions of worth. It is through this process that a person can become more fully functioning and reach their full potential.

Question 7

Freud thought that during the latency stage of psychosexual development:

Accepted Answer

During the latency stage (ages 5-12), according to Freud, sexual impulses are repressed or channeled into socially acceptable outlets, such as schoolwork or hobbies. This stage is characterized by a relative decline in sexual interest as children focus more on developing social and intellectual skills.

Question 8

Which of the following statements describes the current status of Freud's psychodynamic theory in psychological science?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychodynamic theory has been largely abandoned in scientific psychology because it relies heavily on untestable assumptions, lacks empirical support, and has been overshadowed by other theories such as cognitive-behavioral and biological perspectives.

Question 9

In a study described in your text,men with higher levels of homophobia who were shown videos of homosexual sex responded with more physiological arousal than did men with lower levels of homophobia.This finding provides evidence in support of:

Accepted Answer

The finding that men with higher levels of homophobia showed more physiological arousal when shown videos of homosexual sex provides evidence in support of reaction formation, which is a defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously represses a feeling (such as same-sex attraction) and then overcompensates by exhibiting an exaggerated opposite feeling or behavior (such as hostility towards homosexuality). In this case, the individuals with higher levels of homophobia may have been repressing their own same-sex attraction, and their exaggerated physiological response to homosexual stimuli may be a manifestation of their unconscious conflict.

Question 10

Bandura's cognitive-social theory of personality sees ________ as an important determinant of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's cognitive-social theory of personality emphasizes the role of self-efficacy, or the belief in one's own ability to succeed, as a determinant of behavior.

Question 11

What is the most significant aspect of Carl Rogers's approach to understanding personality?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers's approach to understanding personality emphasizes the importance of subjective experiences, such as perceptions, beliefs, and feelings, in shaping a person's behavior and personality. He believed that individuals have an innate drive towards self-actualization and personal growth, and that the therapist's role was to facilitate this process by providing a supportive, non-judgmental environment where the individual can explore their own experiences and emotions. Rogers's approach is often referred to as person-centered therapy, and it has had a significant impact on the field of psychology and psychotherapy.

Question 12

Bandura's concept of self-efficacy:

Accepted Answer

Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to our belief in our ability to achieve specific outcomes. This belief influences our behaviors, choices, and motivation. There is substantial empirical research supporting the importance of self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning. The concept acknowledges the role of both personal factors and environmental factors in human behavior.

Question 13

Sierra,an 8-year-old,is primarily interested in developing friendships with girls her own age.In the next phase of her psychosexual development,what will become her primary interest,according to Freud?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the next stage after the latency period (around ages 6-11) is the genital stage, which occurs during adolescence. In this stage, the primary interest is in developing romantic relationships and sexual behavior, typically with the opposite sex. Therefore, Sierra's primary interest will shift towards developing romantic relationships with boys in the genital stage.

Question 14

If you were a therapist who endorsed Carl Rogers's person-centered approach to therapy,how would you treat your client?

Accepted Answer

A therapist who endorses Carl Rogers's person-centered approach would focus on providing a non-judgmental and empathic environment for the client to explore and discuss their problems and concerns. This approach involves actively listening to the client's perception of their experiences and providing reflection and validation. The focus is on helping the client develop a greater sense of self-awareness and self-acceptance, which can promote personal growth and well-being. Observing and criticizing the client's behavior or administering personality tests would not align with the person-centered approach.

Question 15

Martha knows she can succeed at getting into medical school.She says,"All I have to do is figure out how other people got in,select the strategies I can successfully use,and then implement my plan." Martha is showing high levels of:

Accepted Answer

Martha's statement suggests that she believes she has control over achieving her goal of getting into medical school by selecting and implementing successful strategies. This demonstrates an internal locus of control, which is the belief that one's own actions and efforts determine their outcomes.

Question 16

Rotter argues that people differ in their locus of control,by which he means:

Accepted Answer

Rotter defined locus of control as the extent to which individuals believe that their life outcomes are the result of their own actions (internal locus of control) versus factors beyond their control, such as luck or fate (external locus of control). Therefore, the best choice is C - the extent to which individuals believe their fate is determined by their own actions.

Question 17

Cognitive-social theories of personality emphasize:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-social theories of personality focus on how people's beliefs, expectations, and attitudes shape their behavior in social situations. Expectancies play a significant role in guiding our behavior, and these theories emphasize the importance of cognitive processes in shaping personality. They also consider the influence of social learning experiences in shaping behavior, including past patterns of reinforcement. However, biological factors and unconscious processes are not the primary focus of cognitive-social theories of personality.

Question 18

Freud's theory about people fixated at the anal stage becoming stubborn and regulating:

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory about people fixated at the anal stage becoming stubborn and regulating is currently unsupported by research in personality theory. While Freud's ideas have had a lasting impact on psychology, current theories of personality place less emphasis on early childhood experiences and more on learned behaviors, cognitive processes, and social factors.

Question 19

Oren is a very rigid person and must have things his own way.Other people find his attitude annoying,but Oren refuses to change.In Freud's view,Oren is fixated at which stage of development?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, during the anal stage (ages 1-3), the child learns to control bowel and bladder movements, and this contributes to the development of control, organization, and independence. If there is too much emphasis on toilet training or too many demands for control during this stage, it can lead to fixation and the development of an anal retentive personality, which is characterized by rigidity, orderliness, and stubbornness. Oren's behavior fits this description, making option C the best choice.

Question 20

The psychodynamic theorists who came after Freud and are referred to as the neo-Freudians modified his theory in a number of ways.Adler and Horney,for example,criticized Freud for:

Accepted Answer

Adler and Horney were critical of Freud's largely negative view of women, which they believed reflected his own personal biases and cultural upbringing. They argued that Freud's theory did not adequately account for the ways in which cultural and social factors shape our identities and experiences. While they did not completely reject Freud's ideas, they sought to expand his theory to include a greater focus on the importance of social and environmental influences, as well as the ways in which individuals actively shape their own development.

Quiz 13: Personality