Question 1

When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory,this is called

Accepted Answer

Encoding is the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory. Rehearsal refers to the repetition of information to aid in encoding or retention, listening is a passive process of receiving auditory information, and visualization involves creating mental images to aid in remembering information, but none of these are the initial process of recording information in a usable form.

Question 2

Alexander is 6 years old,and although he pronounces most words clearly,he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds,which are examples of

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language, and difficulty in pronouncing certain phonemes is a common occurrence in young children. The other options are not relevant to describing Alexander's difficulty with certain sounds.

Question 3

What is Vygotsky's term for the level at which a child can almost,but not quite,understand or perform a task?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's term for the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task is the zone of proximal development (ZPD). This refers to the area of knowledge and skills that a child is not yet capable of mastering independently, but can learn with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable person, such as a teacher or parent. ZPD is an important concept in education, as it highlights the importance of scaffolding and providing appropriate levels of challenge to support children's learning and development.

Question 4

In the information processing approach,what is the term for the ability to record,store,and retrieve information?

Accepted Answer

The term for the ability to record, store, and retrieve information is memory, as defined in the information processing approach. Encoding refers to the process of taking information and transforming it into a form that can be stored in memory. Metamemory refers to one's knowledge and awareness of their own memory function. Information processing is the general approach used to describe how individuals acquire, process, and use information.

Question 5

Larry was daydreaming the day that his first grade teacher reviewed the math lesson that 5 + 5 = 10.Later,Larry was not able to recall this information,probably because

Accepted Answer

Larry was present but daydreaming, which means he did not pay attention to the information being presented. Therefore, he never encoded the information into his memory, making it difficult to recall later. Encoding is the first step in creating a new memory, involving the processing of information so that it can be stored.

Question 6

If a middle-school-age child employs conscious,intentionally used tactics to improve cognitive processing,this is called use of

Accepted Answer

Control strategies refer to intentionally used tactics to improve cognitive processing, such as focusing attention, monitoring understanding, and using mnemonics or other memory aids. Reasoning is a broad term that refers to the processes of drawing conclusions or making inferences based on evidence and logical thinking. Rehearsal refers to repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory, and working memory refers to the system that temporarily holds and manipulates information in the service of ongoing cognitive activities. While reasoning, rehearsal, and working memory may all play a role in cognitive processing, only control strategies involve intentional effort to improve performance.

Question 7

What is the term that refers to the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age,which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic?

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic, is known as the concrete operational stage. During this stage, children develop the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events, and can perform operations on them, such as sorting objects by size or color. They also begin to understand the concept of conservation, in which an object's properties (such as its size or volume) remain the same, even if its appearance changes.

Question 8

Concrete operational thought involves applying _____ to solve problems.

Accepted Answer

Concrete operational thought is defined by the ability to perform logical operations to solve problems. This type of thinking includes tasks such as conservation, reversibility, classification, and spatial reasoning, among others. It is characterized by a more advanced level of reasoning than what is seen in earlier stages of cognitive development, such as preoperational thought. The other options (A, B, and D) are not as closely tied to the specific cognitive abilities associated with concrete operational thought.

Question 9

The vocabulary of a 6-year-old child is from 8,000 to 14,000 words,whereas the vocabulary grows by another _____ words between the ages of 9 and 11.

Accepted Answer

Between the ages of 9 and 11, a child's vocabulary typically grows by about 5,000 words.

Question 10

Which of the following is a noteworthy educational innovation,based upon Vygotsky's work,where children work together in groups to achieve a common goal?

Accepted Answer

Cooperative learning is the educational innovation based upon Vygotsky's work where children work together in groups to achieve a common goal. It emphasizes student interaction and collaboration and allows students to work in their zone of proximal development, where they can construct their own knowledge with the help of their peers. It has been shown to improve academic achievement, social skills, and self-esteem. Reciprocal teaching is a strategy for improving reading comprehension, metamemory refers to one's knowledge and awareness of their own memory processes, and the zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help of an adult or more capable peer.

Question 11

When a middle-school student is able to demonstrate that he/she is able to hear a string of digits (1,2,3,4,etc. )and then repeat the string in reverse order,the child is indicating that he/she is developing

Accepted Answer

The ability to hear a string of digits and repeat them in reverse order requires the use of working memory, which involves temporarily storing and manipulating information in the mind for short periods of time. This task specifically tests the child's ability to hold the digits in working memory while mentally reversing their order. While memory skills and rehearsal strategies may be involved in this process, the emphasis is on the child's ability to actively manipulate the information in working memory. Recall is a more passive process of retrieving previously learned information without manipulation or processing.

Question 12

When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences,this is called

Accepted Answer

Syntax is the set of rules that governs how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences. The understanding of syntax is an important aspect of language development in middle-school-age children.

Question 13

Which of the following is a noteworthy educational innovation,based upon Vygotsky's work,where reading comprehension strategies are taught,allowing the student to take on the role of the teacher?

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal teaching is an educational innovation based on the scaffolding theory developed by Vygotsky. It is a strategy that allows students to take on the role of the teacher while learning reading comprehension strategies. This approach involves four main processes: predicting, clarifying, questioning, summarizing. Therefore, reciprocal teaching is the best answer.

Question 14

What is the term for the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account?

Accepted Answer

Decentering refers to the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation, rather than being focused on just one aspect. This is a key aspect of cognitive development in childhood, particularly in the concrete operational stage..abstract operational and preoperational are not the correct terms for this concept.

Question 15

Seven-year-old Alice is working with clay in art class,and she rolls a round ball of clay between her hands until it becomes a long rope of clay.However,she decides that she does not want the rope of clay,but would prefer that the clay be in the shape of a ball again.Alice knows that this is possible.Piaget would say that Alice is demonstrating the knowledge of

Accepted Answer

The ability to recognize that objects can be changed back to their original form is known as reversibility, and Alice demonstrates this by understanding that the clay can be reshaped into a ball again. Option A, formation, is not a concept in Piaget's theory. Option B, decentering, refers to the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously, which Alice is not demonstrating in this scenario. Option D, conservation, refers to the ability to recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same even when its shape changes, which is not relevant to this scenario.

Question 16

If a 7-year-old child thinks largely in an egocentric manner,then from Piaget's perspective we would say that the child is in the ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the preoperational stage occurs in children between the ages of 2 and 7. During this stage, children are still egocentric and have difficulty understanding other people's perspectives. Therefore, if a 7-year-old child thinks largely in an egocentric manner, they would be considered to be in the preoperational stage.

Question 17

What is the term for an understanding about the processes that underlie memory,which emerges and improves during middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

The term for an understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood is called metamemory. Metamemory is the knowledge and awareness that individuals have about their own memory abilities and strategies, and it improves with age and experience. Recall refers to the ability to retrieve information from memory, rehearsal is a strategy of repeating information to improve memory, and working memory is a temporary mental storage system for actively processing information.

Question 18

For a child to remember a piece of information,_______ processes must function properly.

Accepted Answer

There are generally considered to be three key processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Therefore, option B is the best choice as it accurately reflects the number of processes involved.

Question 19

When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting,they are demonstrating knowledge of

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics refers to the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, including understanding appropriate use of language for different situations and contexts. As middle-school-age children become more competent with these rules, they are demonstrating knowledge of pragmatics. Syntax refers to the rules governing the structure of sentences, phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language, and metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to think and talk about language itself. While these may also be important for language development, they are not the best fit for describing the specific knowledge related to social communication.

Question 20

Seven-year-old Marvin and his four-year-old brother are sitting at the table as their mother pours milk into their glasses.Both glasses are the same size and shape.However,Marvin's mother notices a scratch/nick on the lip of his glass,and decides that it is safer if she pours that milk into another glass for Marvin so he doesn't cut his lip.The new glass is shorter and much wider,and when she pours the milk into the new glass Marvin's younger brother laughs and says that now he has more milk than Marvin.However,Marvin is not upset because he knows that he still got the same amount of milk.Marvin is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Marvin's lack of upsetness despite the change in appearance of the glass shows that he can decenter and understand that the amount of milk did not change even though the glass did. This is a characteristic of the concrete operational stage. However, he is not exhibiting abstract operational thinking as this stage occurs during adolescence and involves more complex and abstract reasoning. The preoperational stage is characterized by egocentric thinking and an inability to understand conservation.

Quiz 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood