Question 1

According to the DSM-IV-TR,what are the two major types of mood disorders?

Accepted Answer

The DSM-IV-TR categorizes mood disorders into two major types, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Major depressive disorder involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities, while bipolar disorder involves manic episodes of elevated, euphoric mood alternating with depressive episodes. Other mood disorders, such as dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder) and cyclothymia (milder form of bipolar disorder), also exist within these two major categories. Option A and B are too simplistic and do not capture the complexity of mood disorders, while option D refers to specific subtypes within mood disorders.

Question 2

In a study that is described in the textbook,researchers recruited 15 participants who were currently experiencing depression and 45 control participants with no history of depression.Participants wore a device that allowed researchers to monitor eye movements.What was discovered when photographs representing different emotions were displayed?

Accepted Answer

Participants who were currently depressed spent more time looking at sad photos and less time looking at positive photos, indicating a bias towards negative stimuli.

Question 3

A man feels as though his life is like a rollercoaster.He goes through periods of severe depression that alternate with manic episodes.Which diagnosis is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are characteristic of bipolar disorder, which is marked by alternating episodes of depression and mania. Dissociative disorder, undifferentiated schizophrenia, and panic disorder do not fit the symptom profile described in the scenario.

Question 4

Which statement about depressed individuals is consistent with the views of Seligman?

Accepted Answer

Seligman's views on depression center around learned helplessness. He argues that individuals who become depressed have learned to be helpless in the face of negative events in their lives, leading to feelings of powerlessness and inability to change their circumstances. This aligns with option B, which states that depressed individuals are in a state of learned helplessness. The other options (A, C, and D) are not specifically associated with Seligman's views on depression.

Question 5

Which disorder is characterized as "the common cold of psychopathology"?

Accepted Answer

Depression is often referred to as "the common cold of psychopathology" due to its high prevalence and widespread impact on individuals, similar to how the common cold affects many people.

Question 6

Which psychological perspective suggests that holding the belief that one has little personal control over events contributes to depression?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective emphasizes the role of thought processes in shaping our behavior and emotions. According to this perspective, individuals who hold negative or distorted beliefs about their personal control over events are more likely to experience depression. This is based on the idea that our thoughts and beliefs can influence our emotions and behaviors.

Question 7

The types of attributions that individuals make when explaining the causes of failure can make them vulnerable to depression.According to explanatory style theory,what types of attributions do these individuals typically make?

Accepted Answer

According to explanatory style theory, individuals who are prone to depression tend to make internal, stable, and global attributions for failure. Internal attributions refer to blaming oneself, stable attributions refer to seeing the cause as a long-term characteristic (i.e. "I always mess things up"), and global attributions refer to seeing the cause as affecting many areas of one's life. This negative explanatory style can lead to feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, both of which are associated with depression.

Question 8

What has the research on depression indicated?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that depression is a leading cause of mental hospital admissions in Canada, highlighting its prevalence and impact on mental health services.

Question 9

What subject pool did Martin Seligman study when developing his "explanatory style" theory of depression?

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman studied dogs that were subjected to unavoidable shocks to develop his "explanatory style" theory of depression. He found that dogs who believed they had no control over the situation were more likely to exhibit symptoms of depression. This research led to the development of the theory that a person's explanatory style (how they explain negative events to themselves) can contribute to the development of depression.

Question 10

Two girls are identical twins and two boys are fraternal twins.If one girl and one boy are afflicted by a mood disorder,what can be expected of the remaining twins?

Accepted Answer

Identical twins share the same genetic makeup, so if one twin has a mood disorder, the other is more likely to have it too. Fraternal twins are genetically similar to regular siblings, so the likelihood is lower for them.

Question 11

Based on the relationship between explanatory style and depression,which statement would most likely be associated with depression?

Accepted Answer

Option A displays a pessimistic explanatory style, which is commonly associated with depression. It involves attributing negative events to stable, global, and internal factors. In this case, the person is seeing themselves as a failure and not capable of doing anything right, a stable and global attribution.

Question 12

In a study that is described in the textbook,the ability of participants to recognize anxiety-related words versus neutral words was measured.What do the results of this study suggest?

Accepted Answer

The results of the study suggest that people suffering from anxiety disorders focus their attention on stimuli that sustain their anxiety. This is evidenced by their ability to recognize anxiety-related words more quickly and accurately than neutral words.

Question 13

A therapist believes that the cause of her client's depression is anger directed inwardly against himself.Which psychological perspective is most likely being characterized?

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and emotions in behavior, and the therapist's belief that the client's depression is caused by anger directed inwardly against himself suggests an underlying inner conflict. This perspective places emphasis on early childhood experiences and the influence of unconscious desires and motives.

Question 14

According to Aaron Beck,what is the primary cause of the "paralysis of will" that is prominent in depression?

Accepted Answer

According to Aaron Beck's theory of depression, the primary cause for the "paralysis of will" is a negative view of the future. Depressed individuals often believe they have no control over their future, leading to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. This negative view can make it difficult for them to take action and make decisions, leading to a sense of "paralysis of will."

Question 15

An individual who suffers from bipolar disorder is asked to name the colours in which words are printed while undergoing an fMRI scan.What type of activity would most likely be recorded in the caudal ventral prefrontal cortex (cVPFC)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of An individual who suffers from bipolar disorder...

Question 16

When the dogs in Seligman and Maier's study of learned helplessness appeared rigid,listless,and distressed,what type of deficits were being expressed?

Accepted Answer

The dogs' behavior indicates deficits in emotionality, as they appeared to be distressed and depressed.

Question 17

Laurel has recently been diagnosed as suffering from periods of deep depression alternating with manic episodes.Which term best reflects this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Laurel's description of alternating periods of deep depression and manic episodes is characteristic of bipolar disorder.

Question 18

Which explanation for a client's lingering state of depression would most likely be given by a behavioural therapist?

Accepted Answer

A behavioural therapist would likely attribute the client's depression to a lack of positive reinforcement, which can lead to a reduction in positive behaviours and an increase in negative behaviours that perpetuate the depressed state.

Question 19

According to recent research on the biology of mood disorders,which disorder is associated with increased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine?

Accepted Answer

Mania is associated with increased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. This is evidenced by the fact that drugs that increase the activity of these neurotransmitters, such as SSRIs and SNRIs, can induce manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder.

Question 20

According to a proposal by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema,how are women more likely to respond to sadness?

Accepted Answer

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema's research suggests that women are more likely to respond to sadness by ruminating, which involves thinking about their feelings and the causes and consequences of those feelings.

Quiz 15: A: Psychological Disorders