Question 1

Chronic exposure to endorphins may result in
A)tolerance to many of their effects
B)physical dependence
C)opiate receptor desensitization
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Chronic exposure to endorphins can lead to tolerance to their effects, physical dependence, and opiate receptor desensitization. Tolerance occurs when the body adapts to the constant presence of endorphins and requires higher doses to achieve the same effect. Physical dependence occurs when the body's normal functioning is reliant on the continued presence of endorphins, and sudden withdrawal can lead to withdrawal symptoms. Opiate receptor desensitization occurs when the excessive stimulation of opiate receptors leads to a decrease in their response to endorphins.

Question 2

Most of the deaths attributed to narcotic use are the result of
A)complications arising from the addicts' life-style
B)inadvertent use of large doses of opiates
C)pneumonia
D)sudden loss of opiate tolerance

Accepted Answer

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, most deaths attributed to narcotic use are the result of complications arising from the addict's lifestyle, including infection or disease (such as HIV/AIDS or hepatitis), overdose, or organ damage/failure due to prolonged drug use. While large doses of opiates can certainly be dangerous and lead to overdose, it is not the most common cause of death among narcotic users. Similarly, while pneumonia can be a complication of opiate use, it is not a leading cause of death. Finally, sudden loss of opiate tolerance (such as when an addict goes through withdrawal and then relapses with their previous dose) can certainly be risky, but it is also not the most common cause of death from narcotic use.

Question 3

The receptors upon which opiates act
A)vary in terms of their types and distribution throughout the CNS
B)are found only in the midbrain and medulla
C)are different from those receptors which are acted on by endogenous opioid peptides
D)are also those for which cocaine is an agonist

Accepted Answer

Opiate receptors are not limited to a single type or location in the CNS. They are found throughout the brain and spinal cord, and their distribution varies depending on the specific subtype of receptor. This variation in receptor subtypes and distribution is important for the diverse effects of opiates, such as pain relief, euphoria, and respiratory depression. Additionally, the receptors that opiates act on are not the same as those acted on by endogenous opioid peptides, which are naturally produced in the body. Lastly, cocaine does not act on opiate receptors, but rather on neurotransmitter transporters like the dopamine transporter.

Question 4

Which of these drugs would successfully reverse the effects of narcotics in an acute overdose?
A)methadone
B)clonidine
C)naloxone
D)LAAM (Orlamm)

Accepted Answer

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that works by binding to the same receptors that narcotics bind to, effectively reversing their effects. It is the drug of choice for treating an acute narcotic overdose. Methadone, clonidine, and LAAM are all opioids themselves and would worsen the overdose.

Question 5

Which of the following are narcotic antagonists?
A)naloxone and naltrexone
B)methadone and LAAM
C)clonidine and buprenorphine
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Narcotic antagonists work by blocking the effects of opioids and can be used in the treatment of overdose or addiction. Naloxone and naltrexone are both examples of narcotic antagonists, whereas methadone and LAAM are opioid agonists used in medication-assisted treatment, and clonidine and buprenorphine are different types of medication used in opioid withdrawal and addiction treatment, but not narcotic antagonists.

Question 6

Ultrarapid opioid detoxification utilizes a procedure that involves administering to an opiate dependent person
A)frequent, high doses of methadone
B)narcotic antagonists while he/she is anesthesized or heavily sedated for 24 - 48 hours
C)morphine and naltrexone together for several hours
D)endogenous antiopioid peptides for 24 to 48 hours

Accepted Answer

Ultrarapid opioid detoxification involves administering narcotic antagonists while the person is anesthetized or heavily sedated for 24-48 hours. This method is used to accelerate the withdrawal process and reduce the intensity of withdrawal symptoms. It is not done by administering frequent, high doses of methadone (A) or morphine and naltrexone together (C). Endogenous antiopioid peptides (D) are not used in this procedure.

Question 7

The narcotic antagonists naloxone and naltrexone
A)will block virtually all the effects of narcotics like morphine and heroin
B)will induce an opiate-like abstinence syndrome if taken chronically
C)will decrease the craving for narcotics in people who have been dependent on narcotics
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The narcotic antagonists naloxone and naltrexone
A)will block...

Question 8

A key property of opioid drugs which underlies their addiction liability is their ability to indirectly activate _________________________ neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.
A)cholinergic
B)serotonergic
C)noradrenergic
D)dopaminergic

Accepted Answer

Opioid drugs activate dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens, which is a key aspect of their addiction liability. Activation of these neurons results in the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of pleasure and reward, which can reinforce drug-taking behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the way heroin addiction is dealt with in the United Kingdom?
A)heroin addiction is viewed more as a medical problem than a criminal activity
B)any physician in the United Kingdom can prescribe heroin to heroin addicts
C)most heroin addicts seeking prescriptions for heroin are treated in special Drug Dependence Units
D)methadone is promoted as the most appropriate maintenance drug for addicts

Accepted Answer

In the United Kingdom, only specialized physicians in specialized drug treatment centers can prescribe heroin to heroin addicts. It is not allowed for any physician to prescribe heroin outside of these centers.

Question 10

In the treatment of heroin addiction, the narcotic agonist LAAM (Orlamm) and the mixed agonist-antagonist buprenorphine (Suboxone, Subutex) have advantages over methadone in terms of
A)suppressing the addicts' use of heroin
B)effectiveness in withdrawal detoxification
C)blocking the effects of heroin
D)their considerably longer durations of action

Accepted Answer

LAAM and buprenorphine have advantages over methadone in terms of their considerably longer durations of action. This means that they can be administered less frequently and patients may have more stable levels of medication in their system. While all three medications are effective at suppressing the addicts' use of heroin and in withdrawal detoxification, buprenorphine and LAAM are preferred for their longer action. Additionally, buprenorphine has an advantage in that it has a ceiling effect, meaning that after a certain dose, further increases will not produce more opioid effects, reducing the risk of overdose.

Question 11

The Harrison Act of 1914 made it illegal in the U.S.to
A)prescribe heroin for any purpose
B)sell narcotics except by a prescription obtained from a physician
C)import narcotics from other countries
D)prescribe narcotics to opiate dependent persons

Accepted Answer

The Harrison Act of 1914 made it illegal to sell narcotics except by a prescription obtained from a physician. This included cocaine and opiates, such as morphine and heroin. The act was aimed at controlling the use of these drugs and preventing addiction. It did not explicitly make it illegal to prescribe narcotics to opiate dependent persons, but it did make it more difficult for physicians to do so, as they had to register and keep detailed records of their prescribing practices.

Question 12

Opioid antagonists have been found to be useful in
A)preventing relapse in recovering opiate addicts
B)blocking acute opiate overdoses
C)the treatment of Alzheimer's disease symptoms
D)only a and b

Accepted Answer

Opioid antagonists like naloxone and naltrexone are mainly used for preventing relapse in recovering opiate addicts and blocking acute opiate overdoses. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, blocking the effects of opioids and reducing the craving for them. There is currently no evidence to support their use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

Question 13

Naltrexone (ReVia) is not likely going to be a very common treatment for heroin addiction because
A)it does not block the effects of opiates like heroin and morphine very well
B)it produces a fairly strong degree of physical dependence of its own
C)it does not reduce the psychological craving for opiates in the addict
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist that effectively blocks the effects of opiates like heroin and morphine, and it does not produce physical dependence. However, its limitation in treating heroin addiction lies in its inability to significantly reduce the psychological craving for opiates, which is a critical component of addiction treatment.

Question 14

Buprenorphine (Suboxone, Subutex)
A)is a long-acting narcotic with mixed agonist-antagonist properties
B)is a fast-acting, opiate-like designer drug
C)induces a short lived, but highly intense abstinence syndrome after chronic exposure
D)is a pure opiate antagonist

Accepted Answer

Buprenorphine is a long-acting narcotic with mixed agonist-antagonist properties. It is commonly used for medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction.

Question 15

If patients with chronic pain and without a history of psychological disturbances or substance abuse are allowed to self-administer narcotics to control their pain, the majority of them
A)develop a strong addiction to narcotics
B)self-administer much larger doses than they would if the narcotics were administered to them by physicians at fixed intervals
C)develop a rapid and marked tolerance to the effects of narcotics
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that patients with chronic pain and without a history of psychological disturbances or substance abuse are unlikely to develop addiction, self-administer larger doses, or develop rapid tolerance to narcotics when allowed to self-administer for pain control. However, it is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients for potential misuse or abuse of narcotics.

Question 16

Opiates have the greatest clinical efficacy in reducing ________________________.
A)sharp, fast onset pain induced by a noxious stimulus
B)dull, aching pain that persists after a noxious stimulus has been applied
C)both sharp, fast onset and dull, aching pain to a comparable degree
D)non-emotional pain

Accepted Answer

Opiates have been found to be more effective in reducing dull, aching pain that persists after a noxious stimulus has been applied rather than sharp, fast onset pain induced by a noxious stimulus.

Question 17

Why is clonidine believed to be useful in the treatment of opiate withdrawal?
A)it reduces the hyperactivity in the locus ceruleus that accompanies opiate withdrawal
B)it blocks opiate craving
C)it acts at mu opiate receptors
D)it acts on delta opiate receptors

Accepted Answer

Clonidine is believed to be useful in the treatment of opiate withdrawal because it reduces the hyperactivity in the locus ceruleus that accompanies opiate withdrawal. The locus ceruleus is a key part of the brain's stress response system, and it plays a major role in opiate withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia. By reducing the hyperactivity in the locus ceruleus, clonidine can help to alleviate these symptoms and make opiate withdrawal more tolerable for the patient.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of opiate administration?
A)analgesia
B)constipation
C)enhanced sex drive
D)respiratory depression

Accepted Answer

Opiates are well-known for their analgesic (pain-relieving) effects, as well as side effects such as respiratory depression, constipation, and sedation. However, they do not typically enhance sex drive; in fact, they may even decrease it due to their effects on the body's hormone levels and neurotransmitters.

Question 19

Which of the following narcotics has the longest duration of effect?
A)heroin
B)morphine
C)methadone
D)buprenorphine (Suboxone, Subutex)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following narcotics has the...

Question 20

Which of the following has NOT been associated with the legal restrictions resulting from the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914?
A)increased use of intravenous narcotic use
B)decreased narcotic related crime
C)increased price of illicit narcotics
D)increased toxicity and lethality associated with using illicit narcotics

Accepted Answer

The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914, which regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and coca products, did not lead to a decrease in narcotic-related crime. Instead, it is associated with unintended consequences such as increased intravenous narcotic use, increased prices of illicit narcotics, and increased toxicity and lethality associated with using illicit narcotics, as the illegal market for these substances grew.

Quiz 12: Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Opiates and Their Antagonists

Chronic exposure to endorphins may result in

Most of the deaths attributed to narcotic use are the result of

The receptors upon which opiates act

Which of these drugs would successfully reverse the effects of narcotics in an acute overdose?

Which of the following are narcotic antagonists?

Ultrarapid opioid detoxification utilizes a procedure that involves administering to an opiate dependent person

The narcotic antagonists naloxone and naltrexone

A key property of opioid drugs which underlies their addiction liability is their ability to indirectly activate _________________________ neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the way heroin addiction is dealt with in the United Kingdom?

In the treatment of heroin addiction, the narcotic agonist LAAM (Orlamm) and the mixed agonist-antagonist buprenorphine (Suboxone, Subutex) have advantages over methadone in terms of

The Harrison Act of 1914 made it illegal in the U.S.to

Opioid antagonists have been found to be useful in

Naltrexone (ReVia) is not likely going to be a very common treatment for heroin addiction because

Buprenorphine (Suboxone, Subutex)

If patients with chronic pain and without a history of psychological disturbances or substance abuse are allowed to self-administer narcotics to control their pain, the majority of them

Opiates have the greatest clinical efficacy in reducing ________________________.

Why is clonidine believed to be useful in the treatment of opiate withdrawal?

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of opiate administration?

Which of the following narcotics has the longest duration of effect?

Which of the following has NOT been associated with the legal restrictions resulting from the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914?