Question 1

Compared with nonaggressive children, reactive aggressors are more likely to

Accepted Answer

Reactive aggressors often perceive others as threats or adversaries, making them quick to attribute hostile intentions to others' actions. This defensive or reactive aggression stems from a perceived threat rather than a desire to dominate or a high level of self-confidence.

Question 2

The child's earliest aggressive acts are best described as

Accepted Answer

The child's earliest aggressive acts are most likely instrumental aggression, which is aggression that is used as a means to achieve a goal or obtain a desired object or outcome. For example, a toddler may push another child out of the way in order to get a toy they want. This type of aggression is typically not intended to harm others, but rather to serve the aggressive child's own interests.

Question 3

Dodge has identified a hostile attributional bias that reactive aggressors display. In accord with the hostile attributional bias, reactive aggressors are likely to _____ hostile intent to a harmdoer when _____ .

Accepted Answer

Reactive aggressors, according to Dodge's theory of hostile attributional bias, tend to overattribute hostile intent to others even in situations where the intent is ambiguous or unclear. This means they are more likely to assume someone is being hostile towards them even when the situation does not clearly indicate that.

Question 4

Dodge's social information-processing theory of aggression has been criticized for

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dodge's social information-processing theory of aggression has...

Question 5

Evidence for Bandura's proposition that cognitive processes contribute to human aggression can be seen in

Accepted Answer

Both options A and B provide evidence that supports Bandura's proposition that cognitive processes contribute to human aggression. The confidence that aggressive children have in the effectiveness of their aggressive acts suggests a cognitive process of belief in the efficacy of aggression, while the attachment of more value to the outcomes of aggression by aggressive children suggests a cognitive process of assigning greater importance to the rewards obtained through aggression.

Question 6

Research on the origins of aggression suggests that acts classified as _____ first appear at about age _____ , and that prior to that time children treat their adversaries as inanimate obstacles.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental aggression, which is goal-directed behavior aimed at obtaining an object, space, or privilege, first appears at about 12 months of age. Prior to this age, children do not show aggression with the intent to harm others for personal gain but may treat others as obstacles in their way.

Question 7

Bandura's social-learning theory was the first model to stress the role of _____ in promoting human aggression.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's social-learning theory emphasizes cognitive processes, such as observational learning and the formation of mental representations, as key factors in the acquisition and expression of aggression. It posits that individuals learn aggressive behaviors through observation and imitation of others, as well as through the interpretation of aggressive cues in the environment. Therefore, cognitive processes are at the core of this theory, making option D the best choice.

Question 8

Children begin to treat other children as adversaries and to fight over control of toys

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that by the end of the first year, babies begin to differentiate between themselves and others and start to show signs of possessiveness and a desire to control objects (such as toys). This marks the beginning of social conflicts and competition among young children.

Question 9

A clear strength of Dodge's social information-processing theory of aggression is _____ .

Accepted Answer

Dodge's social information-processing theory of aggression specifies information-processing biases that underlie both hostile and instrumental aggression.

Question 10

Bandura's contention that virtually all highly aggressive children are aggressive because they value aggression as an effective instrumental strategy for attaining other objectives does not easily explain the behavior of

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory suggests that aggression is a learned behavior, primarily through observation and imitation of others, where individuals believe aggression is an effective means to an end. Reactive aggressors, unlike proactive aggressors or typical bullies, often display aggression in response to perceived threats or provocations, not necessarily because they value aggression as an instrumental strategy. Their behavior is more about an immediate emotional reaction rather than a calculated use of aggression to achieve a specific goal.

Question 11

Joe is a hot-head who is inclined to lash out whenever peers criticize him. Developmentalists would probably classify Joe as _____ .

Accepted Answer

Joe's tendency to lash out only when criticized by peers suggests that he reacts to situations rather than initiating aggression. Therefore, developmentalists would classify him as a reactive aggressor.

Question 12

Dodge believes that reactive aggressors are apt to remain highly aggressive because

Accepted Answer

Dodge's theory suggests that reactive aggressors overattribute hostile intentions to their peers when harmed under ambiguous circumstances, and that their own hostile inclinations make them more likely to be attacked by peers. As a result, they are likely to remain highly aggressive. Therefore, both A and B are correct.

Question 13

Dexter takes pride (not to mention gaining resources) in his use of force to convince peers to submit to him. Dexter sounds very much like _____ .

Accepted Answer

Dexter is described as using force to convince his peers to submit to him, indicating a proactive approach to aggression. Retaliatory aggression involves reacting to perceived threats or harm, while reactive aggression involves responding to cues or provocations in the environment. Dexter's behavior does not necessarily indicate membership in a deviant peer clique, as he may be operating independently.

Question 14

Compared to nonaggressive children and reactive aggressors, proactive aggressors are more likely to engage in

Accepted Answer

Proactive aggressors are those who use aggression as a means to achieve a specific goal, such as obtaining a desired object or status. This type of aggression is often referred to as instrumental aggression, which distinguishes it from reactive aggression (A), which is a response to a perceived threat or provocation. Proactive aggressors are also less likely to engage in hostile aggression (C), which is motivated by anger or frustration, and relational aggression (D), which involves using social manipulation to harm others. Therefore, instrumental aggression (B) is the most likely type of aggression for proactive aggressors.

Question 15

One day at school, Josh gets up real quick from the table and spills paint all over Frank's art project. Frank thinks to himself, "I'll teach that little creep to be more careful" and he consciously plans an aggressive means of getting back at Josh for his carelessness. From the perspective of Dodge's social information-processing theory of aggression, Frank would be classified as

Accepted Answer

Frank is consciously planning a means of getting back at Josh, which fits the definition of proactive aggression in Dodge's social information-processing theory. Reactive aggression is a more impulsive response to a perceived provocation, while relational aggression involves social manipulation or exclusion rather than physical harm. Passive aggression involves indirect or passive means of expressing aggression, which is not the case here.

Question 16

According to Bandura's social-learning theory, aggressive habits may persist over time if they

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura, aggressive habits may persist over time if they help aggressors achieve their objectives, are useful at terminating others' noxious behaviors, and are socially sanctioned by aggressive peers. Therefore, all of these options can lead to the persistence of aggressive habits.

Question 17

According to Dodge's social information-processing theory of aggression, children progress through six cognitive "steps" or processes when deciding how they might react to frustration, anger, or an apparent provocation. The sequencing of these cognitive processes is

Accepted Answer

Dodge's social information-processing theory of aggression suggests that children progress through cognitive processes in a specific sequence. The correct order of these cognitive processes is cue encoding, cue interpretation, goal formulation, strategy generation, strategy evaluation, and response enactment. Therefore, the correct option is B, which represents the sequential order of these cognitive processes.

Question 18

According to Bandura's social learning theory

Accepted Answer

Bandura's social learning theory suggests that internal arousal, such as frustration or anger, is not necessary for aggression to occur. Additionally, many forms of arousal, such as fear or excitement, may increase the likelihood of an aggressive response in situations where aggressive cues are present. Therefore, both options A and B are correct.

Question 19

Berkowitz's revision of the frustration-aggression hypothesis and Dodge's social information-processing theory stress the importance of situational cues in promoting aggressive behavior. While Berkowitz contends that situational cues often _____ aggressive responses, Dodge claims that the effects of these cues depend on _____ .

Accepted Answer

Berkowitz argues that situational cues can evoke aggressive responses, while Dodge's theory suggests that the effects of these cues depend on how they are processed and interpreted by the individual.

Question 20

Recent neuroimaging studies are consistent with Bandura's view that ____, showing that successful aggression activates pleasure centers in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Recent neuroimaging studies support Bandura's belief that successful aggression can be self-reinforcing. These studies have found that aggression can activate pleasure centers in the brain, which can lead to the individual seeking out further opportunities to engage in aggressive behavior. This suggests that aggression can be reinforcing and may lead to a cycle of continued aggressive behavior.

Quiz 9: Aggression and Antisocial Conduct