Question 1

Mood congruence is an encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.

Accepted Answer

Mood congruence is indeed an encoding specificity phenomenon where memories consistent with a particular mood are more easily retrieved.

Question 2

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of retrieval cue failure.

Accepted Answer

The tip-of-the-tongue experience occurs when we are unable to recall a word or a name that we know we have learned before. This is a type of retrieval cue failure, which happens when we cannot access the information we need from our memory even though we are sure that we know it.

Question 3

The encoding specificity principle refers to the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event, such as the day you graduated from high school.

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle refers to the idea that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval, not specifically about recalling vivid personal events.

Question 4

Unique, different, or unusual events are easier to retrieve from memory because they are characterized by a high degree of distinctiveness.

Accepted Answer

This is because distinctiveness is one of the principles of encoding, which means that information is better remembered when it stands out from other similar items. Unique, different, or unusual events are more distinctive and therefore easier to retrieve from memory.

Question 5

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory is called clustering.

Accepted Answer

Clustering is the process of grouping related items together during recall from long-term memory to aid in retrieval.

Question 6

As a general rule, the more closely retrieval cues match the original learning conditions, the more likely it is that retrieval will occur.

Accepted Answer

This is known as the encoding specificity principle, which states that memory retrieval is more effective when the retrieval cues match the original encoding context or conditions. Therefore, the more closely retrieval cues match the original learning conditions, the more likely it is that retrieval will occur.

Question 7

A test with multiple-choice questions is an example of using free recall to measure long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

A test with multiple-choice questions is an example of using recognition (selecting the correct answer from a list of choices) to measure long-term memory, not free recall (retrieving information from memory without any cues or prompts).

Question 8

In his eighth-grade history class, Michael had to recite Lincoln's Gettysburg Address from memory. Michael did well at the beginning and end of the address, but forgot some sentences in the middle. This example illustrates the serial position effect.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the phenomenon where people tend to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than items in the middle. In this example, Michael remembers the beginning and end of the Gettysburg Address well, but forgets some sentences in the middle, which is consistent with the serial position effect.

Question 9

Although there is ample evidence that information in long-term memory is clustered and associated, memory researchers still do not completely understand how information is organized in long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

While there is evidence of clustering and association in long-term memory, there is still much to learn about how information is organized and stored within it.

Question 10

Retrieval cue failure refers to the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.

Accepted Answer

Retrieval cue failure occurs when there are not enough or appropriate cues available to help trigger the recall of a particular memory.

Question 11

In a cross-cultural study investigating first memories, Chinese and Taiwanese college students usually reported first memories focusing on routine activities that they shared with members of their family or social group.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately reflects the findings of the cross-cultural study on first memories among Chinese and Taiwanese college students. They tended to report first memories revolving around shared routines with family or social groups, indicating a collectivist cultural focus on communal experiences rather than individualistic ones.

Question 12

Although research has plainly shown that so-called flashbulb memories function in the same way as ordinary memories, people tend to be very confident that their flashbulb memories are highly accurate memories of the details of the particular event.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that flashbulb memories are not necessarily more accurate than ordinary memories, but people tend to have a strong sense of confidence in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories.

Question 13

Josh's mother sends him to the store to pick up a number of grocery items. Upon arriving home, she notices that Josh remembered to buy the first few items on her list, but apparently forgot to get the last few items she asked him to buy. Remembering the first items in a list is called the primacy effect.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately describes the primacy effect, where people are more likely to remember the items at the beginning of a list.

Question 14

In a cross-cultural study investigating first memories, European American college students usually reported first memories that were self-focused and that revolved around a specific event or experience.

Accepted Answer

This is a correct statement based on the findings of the cross-cultural study about first memories among European American college students.

Question 15

Research has shown that the bits and pieces of information that people usually recall during a tip-of-the-tongue experience are completely unrelated to the blocked memory.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that during a tip-of-the-tongue experience, the bits and pieces of information people recall are often related to the blocked memory, such as the first letter or the number of syllables.

Question 16

Mood congruence refers to the finding that when people are in a depressed mood, they are more likely to recall happy memories.

Accepted Answer

Mood congruence refers to the phenomenon that people tend to recall information that is consistent with their current mood state. When people are in a depressed mood, they are more likely to recall negative memories or information, rather than happy memories. This is known as mood-congruent memory.

Question 17

A test that uses cued recall or recognition is usually easier than a test that uses free recall to measure long-term memory for information.

Accepted Answer

Cued recall or recognition tests prompt the individual with cues or options to facilitate remembering, making it easier than free recall, where the individual must retrieve information without any aids or hints.

Question 18

Cued recall is a memory measurement that involves identifying an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Accepted Answer

Cued recall is a memory measurement that involves using a retrieval cue to prompt the recall of a specific item of information.

Question 19

Marcia says, "Oh, I know that actor's name. I just can't remember it right now." Marcia seems to be having a tip-of-the-tongue experience.

Accepted Answer

Marcia is indicating that she knows the information but cannot recall it at that moment, which is a classic definition of a tip-of-the-tongue experience.

Question 20

The basic idea of the semantic network model is that activating one concept, such as the word dog, can trigger the activation of other concepts associated with it, such as the words cat, hound, or pound.

Accepted Answer

This is correct, the semantic network model is based on the principle of spreading activation, meaning that activating one concept leads to the activation of related concepts in the network.

Quiz 6: Memory