Question 1

People who are especially field dependent tend to be

Accepted Answer

Field dependent individuals tend to perceive the world in a more holistic manner, focusing on the overall context rather than discrete details. This trait is often found in individuals from collectivistic cultures, including some Asian and African cultures, as well as in individuals who have grown up in rural areas and have experience with hunting or herding. It is not necessarily connected to introversion or urbanization.

Question 2

Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child.You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning,and must determine which family is the correct one.This is before the days of DNA analysis,so you must use family resemblance as your guide.Based on research about reasoning styles,what do you do to establish a familial relationship?

Accepted Answer

Using holistic reasoning, the judge must consider multiple features that are shared between the child and each family to determine which one may have the closest resemblance. Focusing on only one feature (B) may not paint a complete picture of familial resemblance, and choosing based on wealth (C) is not relevant in establishing a familial relationship. Asking the child (A) may also not be reliable as implicit memory may not accurately represent familial resemblance. It is not appropriate to simply declare the case undetermined (E) without thorough consideration of the available evidence. Therefore, looking at the combination of features shared between the child and each family (D) is the most appropriate approach in this scenario.

Question 3

Analytic thinking is best characterized by

Accepted Answer

Analytic thinking involves breaking down complex information into smaller, more manageable parts and then categorizing those parts into taxonomic groups. This allows for easier comparison and analysis of the information. Thematic and multiple-level categorization may also be part of analytical thinking, but taxonomic categorization is the most common and essential component. Synthetically integrating theses and antitheses is more characteristic of dialectical thinking, which is a different type of cognitive process.

Question 4

Ayumi is a Japanese student,and Alice is a European-Canadian student.They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions.Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?

Accepted Answer

Japanese culture often emphasizes a more holistic view of the self, acknowledging both positive and negative traits, whereas Western cultures tend to focus on individual positive traits.

Question 5

Brittany is arguing with Michael about his article in the school newspaper,in which Michael advocates raising student tuition.Michael claims that Brittany is committing the fundamental attribution error.This means that Brittany did which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error occurs when people overemphasize dispositional (personal) explanations for others' behavior and underestimate situational (external) influences. Michael is accusing Brittany of committing this error because she is ignoring the situational influence of the editor asking Michael to write the article and assuming that Michael is personally pro tuition increase. Option D accurately reflects this scenario.

Question 6

A Chinese art critic,Weiwei,and his American counterpart,William,are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground.If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William,what would you find?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A Chinese art critic,Weiwei,and his American counterpart,William,are...

Question 7

You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car,so that your company can submit a patent.Based on cultural differences in creative thinking,which of the following is the most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

Japanese culture often emphasizes incremental improvements and refinement, while American culture tends to encourage more radical innovation and revolutionary changes.

Question 8

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and...

Question 9

Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are.Jeremy's individualism score is 9 out of 18,and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18.Jason's individualism score is 12 out of 18,and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18.Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Jason's higher individualism score suggests he is more likely to engage in behaviors associated with individualism, such as creating novel inventions.

Question 10

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

Accepted Answer

The answer of Analytic thinking is argued to be associated...

Question 11

Which one does not belong: a human,a giraffe,and a car?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one does not belong: a human,a...

Question 12

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana.Horatio has a strong argument for legalization,while Gil has a weak argument against it.Zhang,a Chinese student,is watching the debate.Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument,how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization...

Question 13

An American student,Ronald,and his Chinese friend,Rui,are looking up at the clear blue sky,where just a few clouds are visible.Coincidentally,the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui.The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds.According to cultural differences in attentional style,which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences in attentional style suggest that individuals from East Asian cultures, like Rui, are more likely to focus on the whole scene or context, while individuals from Western cultures, like Ronald, tend to focus on individual elements. Therefore, Rui is more likely to base his answers on the cluster of clouds, while Ronald may focus on a single cloud.

Question 14

Mandia met a friend called Martina in university.Martina's boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink,and makes Martina go to bars with him.Mandia knows that Martina's boyfriend makes her go to bars,but still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars.The term that best describes Mandia's thoughts is

Accepted Answer

Mandia is attributing Martina's behavior (going to bars) to her own dispositional factors (liking to go to bars) rather than considering situational factors (her boyfriend's influence). This is commonly known as the fundamental attribution error.

Question 15

Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals...

Question 16

When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks,East Asians

Accepted Answer

East Asians are more likely to choose family-resemblance responses, which are based on similarity, when there is a conflict between rule-based and similarity-based judgments, reflecting a holistic cognitive style.

Question 17

Jade,a European-Canadian real estate agent,and Jing,a Chinese real estate agent,are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook.Compared to Jade,Jing will

Accepted Answer

East Asians, like Jing, are more likely to have a holistic thinking style, which means they may consider multiple factors and view events as interconnected, leading to less linear predictions compared to Westerners like Jade.

Question 18

During a professional ice hockey game,fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram,a professional hockey player,punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice.According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles,which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

Analytic thinking focuses on individual attributes and actions, while holistic thinking takes into consideration the broader context and relationships. Westerners tend to have a more analytic thinking style and are more likely to attribute the behavior to Tony's personality, whereas East Asians tend to have a more holistic thinking style and are more likely to consider the influence of Tony's family problems on his behavior. Therefore, option B is the most likely scenario.

Question 19

Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?

Accepted Answer

Field dependence refers to a cognitive style in which individuals rely more heavily on external sensory cues and context to organize and interpret information. Someone who is better at the relative-line task (which requires the use of contextual cues) than the absolute-line task (which does not rely on contextual cues) is exhibiting a field-dependent cognitive style.

Question 20

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall.You think that the person is a clumsy person,but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street.In this situation,which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?

Accepted Answer

Dispositional attribution is the tendency to attribute someone's behavior to their personality or character, rather than to situational factors. In this case, you are attributing the person's fall to their clumsiness, which is a dispositional trait.

Quiz 9: Cognition and Perception