Question 1

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test,Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance,Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the
A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) two-factor theory.
D) guilty knowledge test.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory states that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. In the first scenario, Harley interprets his physiological arousal as anxiety because he is taking a difficult test. In the second scenario, he interprets the same physiological arousal as falling in love because he is with an attractive lady. This theory emphasizes the role of cognitive interpretation in determining emotional experience. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently, while the James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experience is a result of physiological arousal. The guilty knowledge test is a method used in forensic psychology to determine if a person possesses specific knowledge related to a crime.

Question 2

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.
A) cognitive activity
B) the autonomic nervous system
C) physiological arousal
D) stress hormones

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion emphasizes the importance of cognitive activity, such as appraisal and interpretation of an event, in addition to physiological arousal, whereas the James-Lange theory focuses primarily on the physiological arousal.

Question 3

Unlike simple fears that involve automatic processing,complex feelings of love and hatred typically involve
A) bodily arousal.
B) expressive behavior.
C) conscious interpretation.
D) the low road of emotional processing.

Accepted Answer

Complex feelings like love and hatred involve higher-level processing that requires conscious interpretation of the situation or person, whereas bodily arousal and expressive behavior are more automatic and associated with simpler fears. The low road of emotional processing is also associated with more automatic processing, so it is not the best choice for complex feelings like love and hatred.

Question 4

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run,Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him.Martin's experience can best be explained by the
A) two-factor theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Cannon-Bard theory.
D) guilty knowledge test.

Accepted Answer

Martin's experience can be explained by the two-factor theory, which states that emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In this case, Martin's physical arousal from running is enhancing his emotions, both positive and negative, towards his wife, depending on the context.

Question 5

The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a
A) person comes to fear snakes after he sees someone else bitten by one.
B) person's fear of snakes is reduced after she receives a calming tranquilizer.
C) person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless.
D) person's fear of snakes is reduced after she learns that most snakes are harmless.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion, proposed by Schachter and Singer, suggests that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. This theory would have difficulty explaining automatic or instinctive emotional responses, such as an automatic fear of snakes (C), that occur without a cognitive appraisal or labeling process.

Question 6

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences.This finding supports the
A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) two-factor theory.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) spillover effect.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion. Neck-level spinal cord injuries can disrupt the physiological signals that would usually accompany certain emotions, therefore reducing the intensity of those emotional experiences. This supports the James-Lange theory as it suggests that physiological arousal is necessary for the full experience of emotion.

Question 7

Who argued that our emotional reactions to specific situations can occur rapidly and prior to any conscious interpretations of those situations?
A) Walter Cannon
B) Stanley Schachter
C) Robert Zajonc
D) Jerome Singer

Accepted Answer

Robert Zajonc's theory of "mere exposure" suggests that our emotions can be influenced by a subliminal or unconscious processing of stimuli, meaning that we can feel something even before we consciously understand what it is or why we feel that way. This theory implies that our emotional reactions can occur rapidly and prior to any conscious interpretations of situations.

Question 8

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by
A) Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.
B) Robert Zajonc and Richard Lazarus.
C) William James and Carl Lange.
D) Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer. They suggested that emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. This theory proposes that there are two components to emotional experiences: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Question 9

In one experiment,college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person.The results of this experiment support the idea that
A) some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition.
B) there are subtle but distinct physiological differences among the emotions.
C) our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.
D) happiness is largely a function of right frontal lobe activation.

Accepted Answer

The results of the experiment suggest that the participants' interpretation of their physical arousal (caused by the epinephrine injection) affected how they experienced their emotions. This supports the idea that our experience of emotions depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.

Question 10

Unlike the low-road brain pathway,the high road for emotional responses extends through the
A) thalamus.
B) cortex.
C) hypothalamus.
D) amygdala.

Accepted Answer

The high road for emotional responses involves the cortex, which is responsible for conscious thought and decision making. This pathway allows for more deliberate and controlled emotional responses, as opposed to the quick and automatic responses of the low-road pathway that involves the amygdala. The thalamus and hypothalamus are also involved in emotional processing, but they are not specifically associated with the high-road pathway.

Question 11

Dr.Bouton believes that emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive appraisal that we apply to explain the arousal.Dr.Bouton's view is most consistent with the ________ theory of emotion.
A) basic
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) two-factor

Accepted Answer

Dr. Bouton's view that emotion results from an interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal is consistent with the two-factor theory of emotion. The two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the result of physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. This view contrasts with the James-Lange theory, which proposes that physiological arousal precedes and causes emotion, and the Cannon-Bard theory, which proposes that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently. The basic theory of emotion suggests that emotions are innate and hardwired into the brain.

Question 12

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that
A) our thoughts are not influenced by our emotional states.
B) our normal feelings of love and anger are typically irrational.
C) the two-factor theory of emotion is essentially correct.
D) sometimes emotion precedes cognition.

Accepted Answer

The evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed supports the idea that sometimes emotion (precedes) cognition, which is a key principle of the two-factor theory of emotion.

Question 13

The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion.This is called
A) the spillover effect.
B) appraisal.
C) reappraisal.
D) the polygraph principle.

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect refers to the phenomenon where the emotional arousal from one situation or event carries over and intensifies emotions in a completely different situation or event. For example, if someone is feeling happy after winning a game, they may continue to feel happy and positive in their interactions with others even after the game is over. On the other hand, if someone is feeling angry or upset after an argument, they may carry this emotional arousal into other situations and overreact or become overly emotional.

Question 14

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car.When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car,Lee laughed uncontrollably.Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the
A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) guilty knowledge test.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) spillover effect.

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect explains how arousal from one event can impact our response to a subsequent event, as seen in Lee's shift from fear to uncontrollable laughter due to the heightened emotional state caused by the near accident.

Question 15

Samir volunteered for a psychology study of emotion.If Samir were injected with _______,he would experience feelings of arousal.
A) leptin
B) orexin
C) epinephrine
D) PYY

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine is a hormone that is released during the stress response, which results in increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, leading to feelings of arousal.

Question 16

A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small,enclosed space.With this new interpretation of his arousal,the patient no longer dreads elevators.The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of
A) the Cannon-Bard theory.
B) the two-factor theory.
C) the James-Lange theory.
D) sympathetic nervous system activity.

Accepted Answer

The therapist's explanation that the patient's rapid breathing is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space is consistent with the two-factor theory, which proposes that emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal. By providing a different interpretation of the patient's arousal, the therapist is able to reduce the patient's fear of elevators. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously but independently, while the James-Lange theory suggests that emotions are the result of perception of physiological arousal. The mention of sympathetic nervous system activity does not provide enough information to determine which theory of emotion is most applicable to this scenario.

Question 17

According to the two-factor theory,the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.
A) facial expressions;cognitive appraisal
B) emotion-arousing events;physical arousal
C) physical arousal;overt behavior
D) cognitive appraisal;physical arousal

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion proposed by Schachter and Singer suggests that emotions have two basic components: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal. Physical arousal refers to the physiological changes that occur in the body when presented with an emotion-arousing stimulus, while cognitive appraisal refers to the process of interpreting and evaluating the emotion-arousing stimulus. Together, these two components help to create the experience of an emotion.

Question 18

In an experiment to test the spillover effect,college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated.Which individuals in this experiment were LEAST likely to experience the emotion demonstrated by the experimenter's accomplice?
A) those who were led to think the injection would produce no physiological arousal
B) those who were promised a large sum of money for participating in the experiment
C) those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically aroused
D) those who were asked to run in place after receiving the injection

Accepted Answer

Individuals informed that the injection would cause physiological arousal could attribute their heightened physiological state to the injection rather than to the emotional state of the experimenter's accomplice, making them less likely to experience the spillover effect.

Question 19

Researchers discovered that the ________ an individual's spinal cord injury,the more feelings of anger tended to ________ in intensity following the injury.
A) higher;decrease
B) higher;increase
C) lower;decrease
D) lower;increase

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers discovered that the ________ an individual's...

Question 20

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the
A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) low-road pathway.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) two-factor theory.

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the two-factor theory, which suggests that emotions are produced by both a physiological response and cognitive interpretation. In the spillover effect, a physiological response to one event spills over and influences our emotional response to a subsequent event, even if it is unrelated. This means that our emotions can be influenced by physiological arousal from a previous event, leading to an emotional response that might not have been there otherwise.

Quiz 10: Motivation and Emotion

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.

Unlike simple fears that involve automatic processing,complex feelings of love and hatred typically involve

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run,Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him.Martin's experience can best be explained by the

The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences.This finding supports the

Who argued that our emotional reactions to specific situations can occur rapidly and prior to any conscious interpretations of those situations?

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

In one experiment,college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person.The results of this experiment support the idea that

Unlike the low-road brain pathway,the high road for emotional responses extends through the

Dr.Bouton believes that emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive appraisal that we apply to explain the arousal.Dr.Bouton's view is most consistent with the ________ theory of emotion.

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that

The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion.This is called

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car.When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car,Lee laughed uncontrollably.Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the

Samir volunteered for a psychology study of emotion.If Samir were injected with _______,he would experience feelings of arousal.

According to the two-factor theory,the two basic components of emotions are and .

Researchers discovered that the an individual's spinal cord injury,the more feelings of anger tended to in intensity following the injury.

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the