Question 1

A manager can __________ an employee by denying the person a valued reward,such as verbal praise or pay.
A)Encourage
B)Punish
C)Reward
D)Reinforce
E)Satisfy

Accepted Answer

Punishment is the act of taking away a valued item or experience in order to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. By denying an employee a reward, a manager is punishing the employee for a behavior or action that they want to discourage. Therefore, the best choice is B - Punish.

Question 2

The law of effect states that __________.
A)Every behaviour is the effect of some environmental motivator.
B)Every reward has some effect.
C)Behaviour that results in pleasant outcomes is likely to be repeated;behaviour that results in unpleasant outcomes is not likely to be repeated.
D)The effects of an environmental response can be determined by monitoring behaviours.
E)People can be motivated to perform both pleasant and unpleasant tasks.

Accepted Answer

The law of effect postulates that behavior that is followed by pleasant outcomes is likely to be repeated, while behavior that results in unpleasant outcomes is not likely to be repeated. This principle was introduced by Edward Thorndike and is a fundamental concept in behaviorism.

Question 3

All of the following are guidelines for the effective use of punishment EXCEPT:
A)Tell the individual what is being done wrong.
B)Tell the individual what is being done right.
C)Punish openly and in public.
D)Follow the laws of contingent and immediate reinforcement.
E)Make sure the punishment matches the behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Punishing openly and in public can be humiliating and damaging to the individual's self-esteem, and can lead to a negative and unproductive work environment. The other options are all important guidelines for the effective use of punishment.

Question 4

The __________ states that the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behaviour,the greater the reinforcing value of the reward.
A)Law of contingent reinforcement.
B)Law of effect.
C)Principle of selective reinforcement.
D)Law of immediate reinforcement.
E)Principle of expectancy.

Accepted Answer

The law described in the question is known as the Law of Immediate Reinforcement, which states that the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behavior, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward. This law is important in understanding how reinforcement can be used effectively in shaping behavior.

Question 5

A manager who advises someone's co-workers to ignore that person's disruptive behaviours during meetings is using __________.
A)Positive reinforcement.
B)Negative reinforcement.
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Shaping

Accepted Answer

The manager is using the technique of extinction by advising the co-workers to ignore the disruptive behavior. Extinction involves removing the reinforcement (attention in this case) that is maintaining the behavior, leading to a decrease in the frequency of the behavior over time.

Question 6

A manager can __________ an employee by administering an unpleasant outcome,such as a verbal reprimand,pay reduction,or demotion.
A)Encourage.
B)Satisfy.
C)Punish.
D)Reward.
E)Reinforce.

Accepted Answer

Punish is the correct choice as it directly refers to administering an unpleasant outcome to an employee. Encourage, satisfy, reward, and reinforce all have positive connotations and wouldn't fit the context.

Question 7

A manager who issues a written reprimand to an employee who reports late for work one day is using __________.
A)Frustration-regression.
B)Negative reinforcement.
C)Extinction.
D)Deficit conditioning.
E)Punishment.

Accepted Answer

Punishment is the application of an aversive consequence to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this case, the manager issuing a written reprimand is using punishment to discourage the employee from reporting late for work again in the future.

Question 8

Guidelines for using positive reinforcement include all of the following EXCEPT:
A)Maintain a narrow inventory of rewards.
B)Recognize individual differences in allocating rewards.
C)Inform everyone what must be done to get rewards.
D)Follow the laws of contingent and immediate reinforcement.
E)Clearly identify desirable work behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a narrow inventory of rewards is not a guideline for using positive reinforcement. Instead, it is recommended to have a diverse range of rewards available to cater to the different preferences and motivations of individuals. The other options, including recognizing individual differences, informing everyone of the required behavior to receive rewards, following the laws of contingent and immediate reinforcement, and clearly identifying desirable work behaviors, are all important guidelines for effective use of positive reinforcement.

Question 9

Behaviour acquired under __________ schedule will be more permanent than behaviour acquired under a continuous schedule.
A)A work.
B)A payroll.
C)An intermittent.
D)A symmetric.
E)An asymmetric.

Accepted Answer

Intermittent or partial reinforcement schedules involve only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, which results in a slower rate of acquisition. However, behaviors acquired under an intermittent schedule are more resistant to extinction and thus more permanent than those acquired under a continuous schedule where the behavior is reinforced every time. This is known as the partial reinforcement effect. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 10

A basic premise of reinforcement theory states: behaviour that results in pleasant outcomes is likely to be repeated,and behaviour that results in unpleasant outcomes is not likely to be repeated.This premise is known as the __________.
A)Outcome likelihood estimator.
B)Law of effect.
C)Reinforcement imperative.
D)Behavioural results rule.
E)Behavioural consequences paradigm.

Accepted Answer

The premise described in the question is known as the law of effect, which is a basic principle of reinforcement theory in psychology. It states that behaviour that is followed by a positive outcome or reinforcement is more likely to be repeated, whereas behaviour that is followed by a negative outcome or punishment is less likely to be repeated.

Question 11

Reinforcement theory considers __________ to be the most important factor that influences human behaviour.
A)Environmental consequences.
B)The perceived equity of rewards.
C)The level of need satisfaction that is associated with a reward.
D)The desire to maximize expectancies.
E)Valence of rewards.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement theory focuses on how environmental consequences, such as rewards and punishments, shape and influence human behavior. While the perceived equity of rewards, the level of need satisfaction associated with a reward, and the valence of rewards can all play a role in determining the effectiveness of reinforcement, they are not considered the most important factor in this theory. The desire to maximize expectancies may be a factor in some reinforcement scenarios, but it is not a core element of the theory.

Question 12

A manager nodding to express approval to a subordinate who is making a useful comment during a staff meeting is an example of __________.
A)Equity exchange.
B)Expectancy development.
C)Positive reinforcement.
D)Progression.
E)Executive conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The manager nodding to express approval is a form of positive reinforcement, as it encourages the subordinate to continue making useful comments during staff meetings.

Question 13

An operant conditioning strategy designed to strengthen or increase the frequency of a behaviour by making the avoidance of an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour is called __________.
A)Punishment.
B)Negative reinforcement.
C)Extinction.
D)Shaping.
E)Deficit conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The given description matches the definition of negative reinforcement, which involves removing an unpleasant stimulus or situation when a behavior is exhibited, leading to an increase in the frequency or strength of the behavior. Punishment, on the other hand, involves introducing an aversive consequence to decrease the frequency of a behavior. Extinction refers to the gradual disappearance of a behavior due to lack of reinforcement, and shaping involves gradually shaping a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations. Deficit conditioning is not a commonly used term in psychology, and thus is not the correct answer.

Question 14

The law of contingent reinforcement advises managers to __________.
A)Give rewards as soon as possible following the occurrence of a desirable behaviour.
B)Focus on verbal praise and recognition as opposed to money when giving rewards.
C)Give rewards only if the desired behaviour is exhibited.
D)Give rewards in small doses at first and then increase their magnitude when the desirable behaviour is displayed more permanently.
E)Use both punishment and positive reinforcement to gain maximum impact on behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The law of contingent reinforcement recommends giving rewards only if the desired behaviour is exhibited. This helps to ensure that rewards are not given inappropriately or accidentally reinforcing undesirable behaviour.

Question 15

The creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour is called __________.
A)Operant conditioning.
B)Expectancy development.
C)Classical conditioning.
D)Progression.
E)Shaping.

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is called shaping, which involves the reinforcement of small steps towards a desired behaviour. This is a key concept in operant conditioning, which involves changing behaviour through reinforcement or punishment. Expectancy development and progression are not terms typically used in psychology, while classical conditioning involves the association between two stimuli rather than shaping behaviour through reinforcement of small steps.

Question 16

An operant conditioning strategy designed to strengthen or increase the frequency of a behaviour by making a pleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour is called __________.
A)Equity exchange.
B)Expectancy development.
C)Progression.
D)Executive conditioning.
E)Positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is the operant conditioning strategy designed to strengthen or increase the frequency of a behaviour by making a pleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour. The other options do not accurately describe this concept.

Question 17

Which statement provides the correct definition of job design?
A)Job design is the process of redesigning jobs to "fit" a person's individual goals.
B)Job design is the process of creating or defining jobs by assigning specific tasks to individuals and groups.
C)Job design provides directions to individuals regarding specific work tasks.
D)Job design creates a work structure for bureaucratic organizations.
E)Job design identifies key individuals for specific tasks.

Accepted Answer

Job design is the process of creating or defining jobs by assigning specific tasks to individuals and groups. This involves determining the roles, responsibilities, and duties of each job position within an organization, as well as the qualifications and skills required to perform those tasks. Job design also considers the organizational goals, as well as the needs and preferences of employees, to ensure that job positions are structured in a way that promotes productivity, job satisfaction, and organizational success.

Question 18

A manager who has been nagging a worker every day about tardiness and doesn't comment when the worker comes to work on time one day is using ____________________________.
A)operant conditioning
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
E)shaping

Accepted Answer

The answer of A manager who has been nagging a...

Question 19

Brett manages a production facility that is currently having a hard time keeping up with orders.To get his workers to agree to work on the weekends and delay their vacations so that they can get caught up,he offers them days off in exchange.Which reinforcement strategy was Justin using on his employees?
A)operant conditioning
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
E)shaping

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of reinforcement strategy that involves rewarding or punishing a behavior in order to increase or decrease its frequency. In this case, Brett is offering days off as a reward for his employees working on the weekends and delaying their vacations.

Question 20

Operant conditioning __________.
A)Is the process of controlling behaviour by manipulating its consequences?
B)Has been popularized by psychologist B.F.Skinner.
C)Refers to learning that occurs via the law of effect.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is the process of controlling behavior by manipulating its consequences. It has been popularized by psychologist B.F. Skinner, and it refers to learning that occurs via the law of effect. Therefore, all three statements in the answer choice are correct.

Quiz 14: Motivation

A manager can __________ an employee by denying the person a valued reward,such as verbal praise or pay.

The law of effect states that __________.

All of the following are guidelines for the effective use of punishment EXCEPT:

The __________ states that the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behaviour,the greater the reinforcing value of the reward.

A manager who advises someone's co-workers to ignore that person's disruptive behaviours during meetings is using __________.

A manager can __________ an employee by administering an unpleasant outcome,such as a verbal reprimand,pay reduction,or demotion.

A manager who issues a written reprimand to an employee who reports late for work one day is using __________.

Guidelines for using positive reinforcement include all of the following EXCEPT:

Behaviour acquired under __________ schedule will be more permanent than behaviour acquired under a continuous schedule.

A basic premise of reinforcement theory states: behaviour that results in pleasant outcomes is likely to be repeated,and behaviour that results in unpleasant outcomes is not likely to be repeated.This premise is known as the __________.

Reinforcement theory considers __________ to be the most important factor that influences human behaviour.

A manager nodding to express approval to a subordinate who is making a useful comment during a staff meeting is an example of __________.

An operant conditioning strategy designed to strengthen or increase the frequency of a behaviour by making the avoidance of an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour is called __________.

The law of contingent reinforcement advises managers to __________.

The creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour is called __________.

An operant conditioning strategy designed to strengthen or increase the frequency of a behaviour by making a pleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour is called __________.

Which statement provides the correct definition of job design?

A manager who has been nagging a worker every day about tardiness and doesn't comment when the worker comes to work on time one day is using ____________________________.

Operant conditioning __________.