Question 1

Even when raised separately,identical twins may develop similar phobias.This best illustrates the impact of ________ on anxiety disorders.

Accepted Answer

Genetic influences refer to the inherited traits and predispositions that can make a person more susceptible to anxiety disorders, including phobias. This can help explain why even identical twins raised separately can develop similar phobias. Stimulus generalization and operant conditioning can also contribute to the development of phobias, but they are less relevant to the impact of genetics on anxiety disorders. Resiliency is an important factor in mental health, but it is not directly related to the development of phobias.

Question 2

Jana developed a habit of drinking several beers after work each day.After a while,she had to drink even more beer to feel intoxicated.Her increased drinking indicates

Accepted Answer

Jana’s increased need for beer to feel intoxicated indicates a development of tolerance, meaning her body has become less responsive to the effects of alcohol and requires more of it to achieve the desired effect.

Question 3

When heavy coffee drinkers skip their usual caffeine,they experience the effects of ________ when a headache strikes.

Accepted Answer

Heavy coffee drinkers may experience withdrawal symptoms when they skip their usual caffeine intake. Headaches are one of the most common symptoms of caffeine withdrawal.

Question 4

Repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems,which threaten his job.However,he continues to use the drugs.Aaron most clearly shows symptoms of

Accepted Answer

Aaron's continued drug use despite legal problems and job loss is a classic symptom of substance use disorder. This disorder includes continued use of a substance despite negative consequences, as well as strong cravings and a need to use the substance regularly. While Aaron may also have other mental health concerns, his primary issue in this scenario is likely related to his amphetamine use.

Question 5

A monkey responds more strongly to stress if its close biological relatives have sensitive

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to innate personality traits that are genetically determined and can be passed down through biological relatives. If a monkey's close biological relatives have a sensitive temperament, it is more likely that the monkey will also have a sensitive temperament, making them more susceptible to stress.

Question 6

Anxiety disorders,OCD,and PTSD reflect a brain danger-detection system that is

Accepted Answer

Anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD are all related to an overactive or hyperactive brain danger-detection system, which causes individuals to experience fear, worry, and anxiety even in situations where there is no actual danger present. This hyperactivity can manifest in different ways depending on the specific disorder, but it is a common underlying feature.

Question 7

Drug tolerance refers to the

Accepted Answer

Drug tolerance refers to the reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular use. This means that over time, the body becomes less responsive to the effects of a drug, requiring higher doses to produce the same effect.

Question 8

Although World War II air raids were extremely traumatic for those who experienced them,few of these people developed lasting phobic reactions to overhead planes.This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The fact that few people developed lasting phobic reactions to overhead planes after experiencing air raids during World War II suggests that there may be a biological component to fear and anxiety. It is possible that some individuals may be genetically predisposed to developing phobias, while others may have a different physiological response to fear-inducing stimuli. Additionally, the lack of lasting phobic reactions may also be due to the fact that fear can be extinguished through gradual exposure and desensitization, which is a process that can occur naturally over time. This perspective emphasizes the role of genetics and biology in shaping behavior and mental processes. Conditioning and psychoanalytic perspectives may also offer some insight into why some individuals may develop lasting phobic reactions, but they do not fully account for the lack of such reactions in the majority of people who experience traumatic events. The epigenetic perspective suggests that environmental factors can affect gene expression, but it is not directly relevant to the question of why the majority of people did not develop lasting phobias after air raids.

Question 9

Brain changes that result from frequent drug use lead to

Accepted Answer

Frequent drug use can lead to changes in the brain that result in strong cravings for the drug when situations trigger memories of drug use. This can be a significant risk factor for relapse and continued drug use. Additionally, drug use can lead to decreased sensitivity to the effects of the drug, or tolerance, rather than decreased tolerance as implied in option B. Increased REM sleep (option A) is not a typical effect of drug use, and increased behavioral inhibitions (option C) would be an unexpected outcome of the disinhibiting effects of many drugs.

Question 10

Research indicates that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that genetic factors play a role in the development of anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. This suggests that some people may be more predisposed to these disorders than others. Option B is incorrect because specific phobia is actually the most common anxiety disorder. Option C is incorrect because both animals and humans can acquire fear through observational learning. Option D is incorrect because phobic reactions to dogs are actually more common than those to cats.

Question 11

A substance use disorder is best characterized by continued use of a substance

Accepted Answer

A substance use disorder is defined as a pattern of substance use that leads to significant impairment or distress in daily functioning, including but not limited to physical health problems, social or interpersonal difficulties, and/or problems with work or school performance. Continued use of a substance despite such consequences is a hallmark characteristic of a substance use disorder.

Question 12

Jess has failed in his repeated attempts to stop betting on horse races,and now he bets increasingly larger amounts of money to achieve the sense of excitement that he seeks.Jess most clearly shows signs of

Accepted Answer

Jess exhibits the symptoms of gambling disorder, as he is unable to stop betting, continues to bet larger amounts of money, and experiences a sense of excitement from the behavior. This behavior indicates a lack of impulse control and potential long-term negative consequences.

Question 13

The American Psychiatric Association now categorizes the severity of substance use disorder according to

Accepted Answer

The American Psychiatric Association categorizes the severity of substance use disorder based on the number of disruptive symptoms involved. The criteria used to diagnose substance use disorder include impaired control, social impairment, risky use, tolerance, withdrawal, and cravings. The severity of the disorder is based on the number of these criteria met, ranging from mild to moderate to severe. The form of the substance and its legal status are not factors in determining the severity of the disorder.

Question 14

According to Professor Kang,fear responses pave neural pathways that are more readily activated by later anxiety-producing experiences.The professor's suggestion most directly reflects a(n)________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The biological perspective focuses on the physiological and genetic influences on behavior, including how neural pathways are formed and activated.

Question 15

When Vincente first tried to quit smoking,he experienced anxiety,irritability,and difficulty sleeping.Vincente was experiencing

Accepted Answer

Vincente's symptoms are classic signs of nicotine withdrawal, which occurs when someone who is addicted to nicotine tries to quit. Withdrawal symptoms occur because the brain has become accustomed to the presence of nicotine, and when it is suddenly removed, the brain reacts to the absence of the drug. These symptoms can be intense and uncomfortable, but they typically dissipate within a few days to a few weeks.

Question 16

It is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threatened our ancestors.This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The fact that it is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of stimuli that threatened our ancestors is best explained from a biological perspective. This is because our ancestors would have developed fear responses to stimuli that posed a threat to their survival, such as predators or dangerous situations. These fear responses would have been passed down through evolution, leading to an innate fear of similar stimuli in future generations. This is known as preparedness theory and is a key concept in the biological approach to psychology.

Question 17

Alcohol,marijuana,cocaine,and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs are substances that affect the brain and alter perception, mood, or consciousness. This category includes alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents. Stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens are subcategories of psychoactive drugs.

Question 18

All of the psychoactive drugs alter perceptions and moods by stimulating,inhibiting,or mimicking the activity of

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs alter perceptions and moods by affecting neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that transmit signals in the brain. They can stimulate, inhibit, or mimic the activity of these neurotransmitters, leading to various effects on the brain and behavior.

Question 19

The three main categories of psychoactive drugs are the depressants,the stimulants,and the

Accepted Answer

Hallucinogens are one of the three main categories of psychoactive drugs, alongside depressants and stimulants.

Question 20

Mark's compulsive use of cocaine continues even though he knows it has damaged his health and threatens his marriage,which he wants to preserve.Mark most clearly shows signs of

Accepted Answer

Mark's compulsive use of cocaine despite the negative consequences indicates that he is likely addicted to the drug. Addiction is characterized by a drug use that continues despite negative outcomes. The other answer choices (disinhibition, hypervigilance, hallucinations) do not fully capture Mark's behavior and symptoms.

Quiz 13: Psychological Disorders