Question 1

What do cultural standards for beauty, social norms, and ideas from objectification theory tell us about where the pressure on women to be thin comes from?

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Question 2

Compare and contrast Maslow's hierarchy of needs with self-determination theory.

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Question 3

Compare the James-Lange (somatic) and Cannon-Bard explanations for emotional perception and labelling.

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Question 4

How did Lazarus and co-workers show that appraisals influence level of arousal? How did Schachter and Wheeler show that arousal level can affect appraisals?

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Question 5

Describe three of the early theories offered to explain the occurrence of homosexuality and the current status of these theories. Summarize the results obtained from Alan Bell's extensive study of heterosexual and homosexual individuals. What evidence is there that homosexuality has either genetic or environmental causes

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Question 6

Define the term "need for achievement" and discuss the two rather different motives that people can use to approach achievement situations. Under what types of conditions are high-need achievers most likely to strive hard for success?

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Question 7

With the use of examples, summarize the three main types of motivational conflicts.

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Question 8

What are cultural display rules? How do they affect emotional behaviour?

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Question 9

How do level of arousal and task complexity combine to affect task performance?

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Question 10

How does research on animals and people deprived of sensory feedback bear on the validity of the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories?

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Question 11

Describe and compare four different approaches to motivation.

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Question 12

According to Schachter, what influences perceptions of emotional intensity? What tells us which emotion we are experiencing?

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Question 13

Discuss the environmental, cultural, and biological factors that influence obesity.

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Question 14

What are some of the physiological signals that 1) initiate hunger and 2) cease eating? What is the role of leptin in the hunger process and how was its role discovered?

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Question 15

What is the facial feedback hypothesis? What research evidence supports it? What might be the role of vascular feedback?

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Question 16

What predictions do social learning theory and psychoanalytic theory make regarding the impact of pornography? Describe the methodology used by Edward Donnerstein and Leonard Berkowitz (1981) to address this topic and summarize their results.

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Question 17

What are instrumental behaviours?

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Question 18

Define the term "emotion." What are the four common features of all emotions and what is the difference between expressive and instrumental behaviours? What are the possible adaptive functions of both positive and negative emotions?

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Question 19

Describe the four stages of William Masters and Virginia Johnson's sexual response cycle.

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Question 20

What results concerning emotional perception, sex differences, and universal expressions of emotion have occurred using the FACS?

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Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion