Question 1

There is clear evidence that someone could actually repress a memory for many, many years.

Accepted Answer

Current scientific consensus suggests that while memory is complex and can be unreliable, the concept of repressed memories—especially those purportedly recovered through certain therapeutic techniques—remains controversial and lacks robust, empirical support. Memory can be influenced by many factors, but the idea of deeply repressing and then accurately recovering memories after many years is not widely supported by evidence.

Question 2

Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in:
A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)declarative memory
D)sensory memory

Accepted Answer

Incoming visual or auditory information that is initially stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in sensory memory. Sensory memory acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses and is characterized by its very short duration and large capacity, allowing for a brief retention of the impression of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended.

Question 3

With regard to human memory, the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called
A)retrieval
B)encoding
C)storage
D)priming

Accepted Answer

Encoding is the process by which information is transformed into a form that can be processed and stored in the brain.

Question 4

If you are using a computer, the keystrokes you type are translated into an electrical code that the computer can understand. This process is most similar to which of the following human memory constructs?
A)Retrieving
B)Storing
C)Schema-building
D)Encoding

Accepted Answer

Encoding in human memory is the process of converting perceptions into memories, similar to how keystrokes are translated into a code a computer can understand. This involves changing the information into a form that can be stored in the brain, akin to the computer's translation of keystrokes into electrical signals for processing and storage.

Question 5

Studies of learning and memory mechanisms in such animals as marine mollusks and insects have not led to better understandings of the mechanisms important for learning and memory in mammals because mammals are much more sophisticated in terms of memory and learning than are lesser evolved animals.

Accepted Answer

Studies of simpler animals like marine mollusks and insects have indeed contributed to our understanding of the fundamental principles of learning and memory, which are often conserved across species, including mammals. These studies have helped identify basic physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory.

Question 6

Research by Gail Goodman and her colleagues (1994) examining the effect of misleading questions on children's memories for a single painful hospital procedure revealed that the memories of both younger and older children were not influenced by these questions.

Accepted Answer

The research by Goodman and her colleagues found that the memories of both younger and older children were not influenced by misleading questions.

Question 7

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n)
A)filing cabinet
B)library system
C)information-processing system
D)audio tape recorder

Accepted Answer

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers led to the metaphor of human memory being likened to an information-processing system, reflecting the way computers process, store, and retrieve information.

Question 8

The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as
A)storage
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)priming

Accepted Answer

Storage is the correct term for the memory process where information is retained over time. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory, retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage, and priming is a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory both in positive and negative ways.

Question 9

You want to work on an essay that you have saved on the hard drive of your computer. You search through the hierarchically organized folders on your computer until you find and open the document you want. It appears on the screen of your monitor. Relative to the information-processing system metaphor of human memory, this example is most similar to
A)storage
B)sensory memory
C)retrieval
D)encodin

Accepted Answer

Retrieving a document from a computer's hard drive is analogous to the retrieval process in human memory, where stored information is accessed and brought into conscious awareness.

Question 10

A researcher who damages particular parts of an animal's brain and then observes the impact of this damage on memory and learning is involved in what is considered to be a non-human animal lesion experiment.

Accepted Answer

Lesion experiments involve deliberately damaging or removing parts of an animal's brain to study the effects on behavior or function, such as memory and learning, which is consistent with the description provided.

Question 11

Men and women are equally accurate in their eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators, but women are more confident in the identifications they have made.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is no significant difference in the accuracy of eyewitness identifications between men and women, and women are not consistently more confident in their identifications compared to men. Confidence levels can vary widely among individuals regardless of gender.

Question 12

The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems that are important parts of
A)the retrieval process
B)sensory memory
C)the storage process
D)long-term memory

Accepted Answer

The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems of sensory memory, which is responsible for holding information received from the senses for a very short period of time. Iconic memory relates to visual information, while echoic memory relates to auditory information.

Question 13

The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as
A)working memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)episodic memory

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the component of memory that holds incoming information in an unprocessed form for a very brief period of time (from less than a second to several seconds), allowing it to be recognized before it is transferred to other memory systems like working memory or long-term memory.

Question 14

George Sperling briefly presented people with arrays of 12 letters (3 rows of 4 letters each) and asked them to immediately recall what they had seen. Under these conditions, people typically recalled
A)8 to 10 letters
B)1 to 2 letters
C)3 to 5 letters
D)11 to 12 letters

Accepted Answer

Sperling's experiment demonstrated that people could typically recall 3 to 5 letters from the briefly presented array, highlighting the limitations of sensory memory and the rapid decay of information from this memory store.

Question 15

Both remembering and forgetting are adaptive processes for human beings.

Accepted Answer

Remembering allows us to retain and recall information that is important for survival and daily functioning, while forgetting helps us eliminate outdated or irrelevant information, reducing cognitive overload and making it easier to focus on what is currently important.

Question 16

George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by
A)briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall
B)asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both ears
C)investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories
D)measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head and provide the correct sum

Accepted Answer

Sperling's iconic memory experiment involved briefly flashing a display of letters and then immediately asking participants to recall as many letters as they could, which directly assesses the duration and capacity of iconic (visual) memory.

Question 17

According to the three-stage model of memory, when playing a memory game in which a child is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember, the child is relying on his ___________.
A)sensory memory
B)remote access memory
C)declarative memory
D)long-term memory

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory, where sensory information is stored for a very brief period. In the scenario described, the child relies on sensory memory to recall the toys seen for just a second.

Question 18

Sir Frederick Bartlett's research on people's memories of a Native American story called "The War of the Ghosts" demonstrated how schemas can cause people to alter key aspects of the story so that it would make sense to them.

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's research showed that when participants were asked to recall the story over time, they transformed it in ways that fit their own cultural expectations and knowledge structures, or schemas, demonstrating how memory is reconstructive.

Question 19

Research on the duration of iconic memory suggests that it is
A)about 2 seconds long
B)5 to 9 seconds long
C)indefinite in length
D)a fraction of a second long

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory, which is a type of visual sensory memory, lasts only a fraction of a second. This brief duration allows for a quick snapshot of the visual world before the information is either discarded or processed further.

Question 20

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the encoding of long-term declarative memories.

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum primarily coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture, while the encoding of long-term declarative memories mainly involves the hippocampus and related structures in the medial temporal lobe.

Quiz 8: Memory

There is clear evidence that someone could actually repress a memory for many, many years.

Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in:

With regard to human memory, the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called

If you are using a computer, the keystrokes you type are translated into an electrical code that the computer can understand. This process is most similar to which of the following human memory constructs?

Studies of learning and memory mechanisms in such animals as marine mollusks and insects have not led to better understandings of the mechanisms important for learning and memory in mammals because mammals are much more sophisticated in terms of memory and learning than are lesser evolved animals.

Research by Gail Goodman and her colleagues (1994) examining the effect of misleading questions on children's memories for a single painful hospital procedure revealed that the memories of both younger and older children were not influenced by these questions.

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n)

The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as

A researcher who damages particular parts of an animal's brain and then observes the impact of this damage on memory and learning is involved in what is considered to be a non-human animal lesion experiment.

Men and women are equally accurate in their eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators, but women are more confident in the identifications they have made.

The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems that are important parts of

The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as

George Sperling briefly presented people with arrays of 12 letters (3 rows of 4 letters each) and asked them to immediately recall what they had seen. Under these conditions, people typically recalled

Both remembering and forgetting are adaptive processes for human beings.

George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by

According to the three-stage model of memory, when playing a memory game in which a child is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember, the child is relying on his ___________.

Sir Frederick Bartlett's research on people's memories of a Native American story called "The War of the Ghosts" demonstrated how schemas can cause people to alter key aspects of the story so that it would make sense to them.

Research on the duration of iconic memory suggests that it is

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the encoding of long-term declarative memories.