Question 1

The type of lipoprotein that is considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease is:

Accepted Answer

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease as it helps to remove excess cholesterol from the blood vessels and carries it to the liver for processing and excretion. In contrast, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is considered to be "bad" cholesterol that can build up in the arteries and increase the risk of heart disease. Chylomicrons and IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) are not typically associated with protective effects against cardiovascular disease.

Question 2

Several types of blood lipoproteins are synthesized in the:

Accepted Answer

The liver is responsible for synthesizing several types of blood lipoproteins, including VLDL, LDL, and HDL. The spleen plays a role in filtering blood, but does not synthesize lipoproteins. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin and glucagon. The adrenal glands produce hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline.

Question 3

In nutritional management of high serum cholesterol levels, TLC stands for:

Accepted Answer

TLC stands for therapeutic lifestyle changes, which is a comprehensive approach to managing cholesterol through diet, physical activity, and weight management. This approach can help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and raise HDL (good) cholesterol levels.

Question 4

The function of lipoproteins in body metabolism is to transport:

Accepted Answer

Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that are responsible for transporting lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides to and from cells in the body. They are essential for the normal metabolism of lipids and are involved in processes such as the uptake of dietary fats by cells and the delivery of lipids to tissues for energy production. Lipoproteins are classified according to their density, with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) being beneficial for cardiovascular health and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) being associated with increased risk of heart disease.

Question 5

The class of lipoproteins that has the highest lipid content is:

Accepted Answer

Chylomicrons have the highest lipid content among lipoproteins, as they primarily transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol from the intestines to other tissues.

Question 6

In the process of atherosclerosis:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis is marked by the deposition of plaque on the interior surface of the blood vessels, which narrows and hardens the arteries over time. This can lead to reduced blood flow and potentially serious cardiovascular events such as heart attack or stroke.

Question 7

Fats high in polyunsaturated fats include:

Accepted Answer

Butter contains mostly saturated fat; stick margarine and hydrogenated oils contain saturated fats and trans fats. Liquid vegetable oils are high in polyunsaturated fats.

Question 8

The major principle that guides nutrition planning for clients who have coronary heart disease is:

Accepted Answer

High intake of saturated fat is a major risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Therefore, reducing the intake of saturated fat is a major principle in nutrition planning for clients with this condition. It is also important to focus on increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources to improve overall health and reduce risk factors for heart disease.

Question 9

The classes of lipoproteins that carry the most triglyceride by weight are:

Accepted Answer

Chylomicrons and VLDL are the lipoproteins that carry the most triglyceride by weight. Chylomicrons are synthesized in the small intestine and transport dietary triglycerides to adipose tissue and muscle for storage or energy production. VLDL is synthesized in the liver and transports endogenous triglycerides to the same tissues. HDL is a lipoprotein that is primarily involved in reverse cholesterol transport, and LDL is primarily composed of cholesterol and is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol.

Question 10

The protein component that attaches itself to lipoproteins and has a significant effect on function is:

Accepted Answer

Apolipoprotein is the protein component that is responsible for attaching itself to lipoproteins and has a significant effect on their function. It plays a crucial role in regulating lipoprotein metabolism by aiding in their assembly, maintaining their structural integrity, and directing their uptake by target cells. Cholesterol, phospholipid, and lipoprotein lipase are also important components of lipoproteins, but they do not directly attach to them and have a less significant effect on their function.

Question 11

Good sources of soluble dietary fiber include:

Accepted Answer

Soluble dietary fiber is found in foods such as oatmeal, fruits like apples and pears, and legumes like beans and lentils. Out of the given options, oatmeal is the best source of soluble dietary fiber. Cereal grains like wheat and rice contain more insoluble fiber than soluble fiber. Animal protein and root vegetables do not contain significant amounts of soluble fiber.

Question 12

Foods high in monounsaturated fats include:

Accepted Answer

Nuts are a good source of monounsaturated fats, such as almonds, pecans, and macadamia nuts. Fish and fish oil are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which are a different type of healthy fat. Turkey is a lean protein source but does not contain significant amounts of monounsaturated fats. Oatmeal is a source of soluble fiber but does not have significant amounts of monounsaturated fats.

Question 13

Development of coronary heart disease is related to:

Accepted Answer

The development of coronary heart disease is related to the buildup of fibrous plaques in the coronary vessels, which can narrow or block blood flow to the heart muscle. Weakened coronary vessels, chronic alcohol abuse, and lack of amino acids are not directly associated with the development of coronary heart disease.

Question 14

Plaque usually consists mainly of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Plaque usually consists mainly of:
...

Question 15

The class of lipoproteins that is most responsible for atherosclerosis and is considered "bad cholesterol" is:

Accepted Answer

LDL is the class of lipoproteins that is most responsible for atherosclerosis and is considered "bad cholesterol". LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body and may contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries. High levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.

Question 16

The layer of the artery in which atherosclerotic plaque forms is the:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic plaque forms in the intima, specifically in the innermost layer of the intima, which is the tunica intima. The media is the middle layer of the artery made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, while the adventitia is the outermost layer made up of connective tissue and nerves. Ectoderm is a germ layer in embryonic development and is not related to arterial anatomy.

Question 17

A desirable blood cholesterol level is:

Accepted Answer

A desirable blood cholesterol level is less than 200 mg/dL. Higher levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. It is important to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle to keep cholesterol levels in check.

Question 18

According to TLC recommendations, a type of fatty acid that should be avoided as much as possible is:

Accepted Answer

Trans fatty acids are considered to be the most harmful type of fat as they increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. They are often found in partially hydrogenated oils, which are used in many processed foods. TLC recommends avoiding trans fatty acids as much as possible to maintain a healthy diet.

Question 19

In patients with elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels, monounsaturated fat intake should be:

Accepted Answer

Monounsaturated fat intake should be up to 20% of energy intake in patients with elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels. Monounsaturated fats have been shown to improve lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol levels while increasing HDL cholesterol levels. They are also a good source of energy and can be obtained from foods like olive oil, avocado, nuts, and seeds. Limiting total fat intake to less than 30% of energy intake is also recommended to help reduce the risk of heart disease.

Question 20

Soluble fibers are believed to be beneficial for preventing heart disease because they:

Accepted Answer

Soluble fibers have been found to lower LDL cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids in the intestines, which are then excreted from the body, leading to a reduction in the overall level of cholesterol in the bloodstream. This reduction in cholesterol levels has been shown to have a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of heart disease. The other options are not associated with the prevention of heart disease.

Quiz 21: Diseases of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lungs