Question 1

The social cognitive personality theory assumes that a person's behavior and personality are determined solely by learning experiences.

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive personality theory acknowledges the role of both learning experiences and internal cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking, in shaping a person's behavior and personality. It emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy beliefs, and personal goals in guiding human behavior.

Question 2

Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people were inherently motivated to strive to fulfill their potential.

Accepted Answer

Both Maslow and Rogers were humanistic psychologists who held the belief that individuals were driven to self-actualize and fulfill their potential.

Question 3

Although Rogers believed that the essence of human nature was destructive, Freud believed that humans are innately good and should be trusted.

Accepted Answer

Freud actually believed that human nature was not inherently good or bad, but rather shaped by conflicting unconscious desires and societal influences. He did not necessarily advocate for blindly trusting individuals but rather for exploring and understanding the root causes of their behavior.

Question 4

Carl Rogers believed that people were essentially positive, forward-moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who viewed humans as having innate potential for growth and positive change. He believed that people have an inherent desire to reach their full potential, and this positive outlook on human nature was central to his therapeutic approach.

Question 5

Psychologist Carl Rogers maintained that the most effective child-rearing practices involve conditional positive regard.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers actually emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in child-rearing practices. He believed that children thrive when they feel loved and accepted unconditionally, regardless of their behavior or performance. Conditional positive regard, on the other hand, involves valuing a child only when they meet certain standards or expectations, which can create feelings of anxiety and insecurity in the child.

Question 6

Reciprocal determinism is a model that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal determinism theory was proposed by Albert Bandura and suggests that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. This includes not only observable behaviors but also internal cognitive processes such as thoughts, beliefs, and emotions.

Question 7

Carl Rogers believed that parents could effectively discipline their children while still providing unconditional positive regard.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed in the importance of unconditional positive regard in parenting and believed that discipline could be provided in a way that still allowed for positive regard toward the child. He believed that discipline should focus on correcting the behavior rather than punishing the child and that parents should communicate with their children to understand their point of view.

Question 8

According to Albert Bandura, the most basic human motive is the actualizing tendency, the drive to maintain and enhance the self.

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura, the most basic human motive is self-efficacy, the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Question 9

A person's self-efficacy beliefs can vary greatly from one situation to another.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy beliefs refer to an individual's perception of their ability to perform a specific task or achieve a particular goal. These beliefs can vary depending on the situation and the individual's past experiences, skills, and knowledge related to that task or goal. Therefore, it is true that a person's self-efficacy can vary greatly from one situation to another.

Question 10

Humanistic psychology has made lasting contributions to the fields of psychotherapy, counseling, parenting, and education.

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology emphasizes individuals' inherent worth and potential for growth and emphasizes personal responsibility and self-awareness. Its teachings have greatly influenced the fields of therapy and counseling, with approaches such as client-centered therapy, gestalt therapy, and existential therapy drawing from humanistic principles. In addition, humanistic psychology has been applied in the realms of parenting, education, and organizational development.

Question 11

According to the humanistic perspective in psychology, an individual's subjective perception of his or her self is the most important factor in personality.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective emphasizes the importance of an individual's subjective perception of themselves and their experiences in shaping their personality, so this statement is true.

Question 12

The social cognitive perspective on personality has provided many insights into unconscious processes.

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive perspective primarily focuses on conscious thought processes, such as observational learning, self-efficacy, and situational influences, rather than unconscious processes.

Question 13

In contrast to the psychoanalytic idea that behavior is determined by unconscious motives, the social cognitive perspective emphasizes the idea that people have the capacity to consciously control and direct their own behavior.

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive perspective does emphasize the idea that people have conscious control over their own behavior, in contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective which emphasizes unconscious motives.

Question 14

According to Carl Rogers, the need to maintain a self-concept is so strong that people will deny or distort experiences that contradict their self-concept.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers proposed that the self-concept is the center of human personality and is the organization of characteristics and behaviors that a person attributes to themselves. He believed that people have a strong need to maintain a consistent and positive self-concept, to the point that they may deny or distort experiences that contradict their self-concept. This concept is known as cognitive dissonance and has been supported by research in psychology.

Question 15

A key strength of the social cognitive perspective on personality is its emphasis on naturalistic, real-world observations.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

According to Carl Rogers, the fully functioning person is likely to be creative and spontaneous, and to enjoy harmonious relationships with other people.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that the fully functioning person is able to live in the moment and experience life in a creative and spontaneous way. They also have positive relationships with others, with open communication and genuine empathy.

Question 17

Carl Rogers believed that when a person experiences incongruence or conditional positive regard, he or she is likely to use unconscious defense mechanisms to fight off the psychic anxiety.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, did not focus on unconscious defense mechanisms, which are more closely associated with Freudian psychoanalysis. Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard and congruence in achieving self-actualization, rather than using unconscious defense mechanisms to combat psychic anxiety.

Question 18

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were key figures in the development of the social cognitive theory of personality.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were key figures in the development of humanistic psychology, not the social cognitive theory of personality.

Question 19

A strength of the humanistic perspective is that many of its ideas, such as the importance of the actualizing tendency and unconditional positive regard, have been objectively measured and confirmed by experimental research.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective, while influential in psychology, is often criticized for its concepts being subjective and difficult to empirically test or measure, unlike theories that rely on more quantifiable data.

Question 20

Self-efficacy beliefs are strengthened when new skills are mastered, and challenges are successfully met.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy beliefs are based on the individual's perception of their ability to successfully accomplish a task or goal. When an individual successfully masters a new skill or successfully meets a challenge, their confidence and belief in their own ability to perform those tasks in the future is strengthened. This, in turn, increases their self-efficacy beliefs. Therefore, the statement is true.

Quiz 10: Section 3: Personality