Question 1

Roger's friend lives next door and is a good playmate who goes to the same school and has great toys that they play with together. This example best illustrates what stage of friendship?

Accepted Answer

In Selman's first stage (ages 6 and under), a friend is just a playmate-someone who lives nearby, goes to the same school, or has desirable toys.

Question 2

Which of the following children is most likely to be popular with friends?

Accepted Answer

Once children enter school, academic performance and athletic ability are particularly important predictors of popularity. Few children like a bully, so the overly aggressive child is shunned. Timid children often suffer the most from peer rejection, at least in the U.S. majority culture.

Question 3

Which of the following features is most likely to characterize peer groups of children who are ages 10 to 12?

Accepted Answer

In later middle childhood, peer pressure becomes an important force, and conformity to group norms becomes extremely important. The strict attitudes about rules, conformity, and sex segregation that are characteristic of many peer groups composed of 10- to 12-year-olds usually do not diminish until mid-adolescence.

Question 4

As children move from early to middle childhood, their peer groups generally become:

Accepted Answer

In later middle childhood, peer pressure becomes an important force, and conformity to group norms becomes extremely important. The strict attitudes about rules, conformity, and sex segregation that are characteristic of many peer groups composed of 10- to 12-year-olds usually do not diminish until mid-adolescence.

Question 5

Which of the following children is probably the oldest, based on how their definitions of what a friend is fit into Selman's view of friendship development?

Accepted Answer

In Selman's first stage (ages 6 and under), a friend is just a playmate-someone who lives nearby, goes to the same school, or has desirable toys. Yvonne, Greg, and Gloria all appear to be in this stage. In Selman's third stage (ages 9 to 12), friends are seen as people who help each other, and the concept of trust appears.

Question 6

Shauna's friends are all children she interacts with on a regular basis. When asked what a friend is, she says, "A friend is someone who will play a game with me that I want to play." Based on Selman's view of friendship development, your best guess is that Shauna is about ___ years old and is in Stage ___ of Selman's theory.

Accepted Answer

In Selman's first stage (ages 6 and under), a friend is just a playmate-someone who lives nearby, goes to the same school, or has desirable toys.

Question 7

Debbie and Jackie are both 10 years old. Their friendship is based on give-and-take. According to Robert Selman, Debbie and Jackie's friendship is characteristic of which stage of friendship?

Accepted Answer

In Selman's third stage (ages 9 to 12), friends are seen as people who help each other, and the concept of trust appears.

Question 8

According to Selman, the primary force behind developmental changes in children's friendships is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

According to Selman, the primary force behind developmental changes in children's friendships is their ability to take another person's perspective, which is also known as social perspective-taking ability. This means that as children become more skilled at understanding others' thoughts, feelings, and perspectives, their friendships become more complex and meaningful. Age, intelligence level, and ability to understand right and wrong may also play a role in children's social development, but they are not the primary force behind changes in children's friendships.

Question 9

According to a study cited in the text, when aggressive children in fourth to sixth grade were asked to nominate the "coolest" children in their class, they most frequently mentioned children who were:

Accepted Answer

Aggressive children often perceive other aggressive peers as "cool" due to shared behaviors and social dynamics that value assertiveness and dominance.

Question 10

Suppose you selected a group of highly aggressive fifth grade boys and girls and asked them who the "coolest" person in their class is. Generalizing from research cited in the text, you would expect them to choose:

Accepted Answer

In one study of fourth- to sixth-graders, aggressive children were often nominated as the "coolest" members of their class by other aggressive children, and this was true for girls as well as boys (Rodkin, Farmer, Pearl, & Van Aker, 2006).

Question 11

Selman's view of how friendships develop in middle childhood would be most consistent with which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Selman proposed a means for understanding how cognitive advances set the stage for social and personality development. Thus, his view is most consistent with the cognitive perspective.

Question 12

Generalizing from the text, which of the following children would be most likely to suffer from peer rejection in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Once children enter school, academic performance and athletic ability are particularly important predictors of popularity. Few children like a bully, so the overly aggressive child is shunned. Timid children often suffer the most from peer rejection, at least in the U.S. majority culture.

Question 13

A group of two or more people of similar status who interact with each other and who share norms and goals is the text's definition of:

Accepted Answer

The text's definition of a peer group matches the description given in the question, as it refers to a group of individuals of similar status who have some level of interaction and share norms and goals. The other answer choices are not as applicable: a clique typically refers to a small, exclusive group within a larger group or community; a reference group is a group to which individuals compare themselves, but they may not necessarily interact with or share goals with that group; and a marginal group typically refers to a group that is socially or economically disadvantaged and outside of mainstream society.

Question 14

Cindy's peer group would be considered very informal, and its members change quite frequently. Although the group plays games like soccer that involve specific rules, the group itself operates with few rules that define its membership. Cindy is most likely about how old?

Accepted Answer

In early middle childhood, peer groups are relatively informal. The peer group takes on greater significance for its members when they reach the ages of 10 to 12, and peer groups typically develop a more formal structure during this period.

Question 15

Children in which of the following age groups are most likely to have peer groups that consist of only children of their same gender?

Accepted Answer

When children reach the age of 10 to 12, separation of the sexes becomes especially noticeable. Peer groups are now almost invariably composed of one sex, and boy groups and girl groups maintain different interests, activities, and styles of interaction.

Question 16

Marcus defines a friend as "someone you can trust with your secrets and who will help you out when you need support." He understands that to have friends, one also needs to be a good friend to others. Based on Selman's view of friendship development, your best guess is that Marcus is about ___ years old and is in Stage ___ of Selman's theory.

Accepted Answer

In Selman's third stage (ages 9 to 12), friends are seen as people who help each other, and the concept of trust appears.

Question 17

According to the text, the term "prejudice" should be considered to be _________ and the term "discrimination" should be considered to be ____________.

Accepted Answer

The text states that "prejudice" is an attitude, which means it is a preconceived notion or belief about a group of people. On the other hand, "discrimination" is a behavior or action taken based on that prejudice. Therefore, it is important to differentiate between the two concepts.

Question 18

According to Robert Selman, the concept of trust appears for the first time during friendships among children of about what age?

Accepted Answer

In Selman's third stage (ages 9 to 12), friends are seen as people who help each other, and the concept of trust appears.

Question 19

Which of the following children is least likely to be popular with friends?

Accepted Answer

Once children enter school, academic performance and athletic ability are particularly important predictors of popularity. Few children like a bully, so the overly aggressive child is shunned.

Question 20

The idea of reciprocity and an awareness of another person's feelings begin to form during which of Robert Selman's stages of friendship?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The idea of reciprocity and an awareness...

Quiz 9: Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development

Roger's friend lives next door and is a good playmate who goes to the same school and has great toys that they play with together. This example best illustrates what stage of friendship?

Which of the following children is most likely to be popular with friends?

Which of the following features is most likely to characterize peer groups of children who are ages 10 to 12?

As children move from early to middle childhood, their peer groups generally become:

Which of the following children is probably the oldest, based on how their definitions of what a friend is fit into Selman's view of friendship development?

Debbie and Jackie are both 10 years old. Their friendship is based on give-and-take. According to Robert Selman, Debbie and Jackie's friendship is characteristic of which stage of friendship?

According to Selman, the primary force behind developmental changes in children's friendships is which of the following?

According to a study cited in the text, when aggressive children in fourth to sixth grade were asked to nominate the "coolest" children in their class, they most frequently mentioned children who were:

Suppose you selected a group of highly aggressive fifth grade boys and girls and asked them who the "coolest" person in their class is. Generalizing from research cited in the text, you would expect them to choose:

Selman's view of how friendships develop in middle childhood would be most consistent with which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Generalizing from the text, which of the following children would be most likely to suffer from peer rejection in the United States?

A group of two or more people of similar status who interact with each other and who share norms and goals is the text's definition of:

Cindy's peer group would be considered very informal, and its members change quite frequently. Although the group plays games like soccer that involve specific rules, the group itself operates with few rules that define its membership. Cindy is most likely about how old?

Children in which of the following age groups are most likely to have peer groups that consist of only children of their same gender?

According to the text, the term "prejudice" should be considered to be _ and the term "discrimination" should be considered to be ____.

According to Robert Selman, the concept of trust appears for the first time during friendships among children of about what age?

Which of the following children is least likely to be popular with friends?

The idea of reciprocity and an awareness of another person's feelings begin to form during which of Robert Selman's stages of friendship?