Question 1

Dr. Arquette is concerned that an infant he is treating does not appear to have established any emotional bonds between herself and the adults who care for her. She shows no affection toward her mother, she stiffens up whenever her mother picks her up or sings to her, and she does not show any interest in looking at her mother's face. Dr. Arquette's concern relates to this little girl's development of:

Accepted Answer

Attachment is defined as the emotional bond between infants and their parents or other primary caregivers.

Question 2

In Harry Harlow's early work with infant monkeys, he noticed that when they were raised with adequate food but without any attention from or contact with their mothers or other adult monkeys, they usually:

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow (1959) noted that when monkeys in his lab were raised without their mothers, they often developed maladapted behaviors. They were easily frightened, irritable, and reluctant to eat or play, despite the fact that they had a nutritious diet and were otherwise well cared for. Some monkeys even died. Obviously, these baby monkeys needed something more than regular feeding to thrive and develop.

Question 3

The text describes a study in Italy in which mothers and other family members were observed as they cared for infants. In particular, the authors noted that Italian children were often teased by family members. The point of describing this study was that:

Accepted Answer

As the book notes, cultures differ dramatically in their customs regarding feeding and comforting. However, in all cultures, attachment and trusting relationships between infants and caregivers occur. The book notes that this is the case even within the seemingly cruel teasing atmosphere of Italian family culture. Healthy adjustment requires a balance in the development of trust (which allows infants to form secure relationships with others) and mistrust (which teaches them to protect themselves when conditions are threatening).

Question 4

Which of the following is most likely to provide the most positive outcome for young children?

Accepted Answer

Healthy adjustment requires a balance in the development of trust (which allows infants to form secure relationships with others) and mistrust (which teaches them to protect themselves when conditions are threatening). Trust, however, must predominate in early relationships or the infant may have difficulty establishing successful relationships throughout life.
Attachment

Question 5

The formation of a bond between some newborn animals (especially birds) and their mothers is called:

Accepted Answer

The formation of a bond between newborn animals and their mothers is known as imprinting. This is especially common in birds and occurs during a critical period shortly after birth where the newborn forms an attachment to the first moving object they come in contact with, which is usually the mother. This bond is important for the animal's survival and future social interactions.

Question 6

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a child displays contradictory behavior towards the mother is called:

Accepted Answer

Disorganized/disoriented attachment is the form of attachment in which a child displays contradictory behavior towards the mother, such as approaching her but then freezing or showing fear. This type of attachment is considered less organized and less effective in promoting the child's development compared to secure attachment, avoidant attachment, or resistant attachment.

Question 7

Harry Harlow studied the early development of infant monkeys who were placed in cages with two surrogate mothers, one made of metal that was a milk source and one that had no milk but was made of soft terrycloth. Harlow found that that these infant monkeys developed attachments with:

Accepted Answer

The results of Harlow's study were that the infant monkeys showed a distinct preference for the surrogate made of terrycloth. They spent more time clinging and vocalizing to it, and they ran to it when they were frightened. Apparently, attachment requires more from the mother than mere physical presence or the provision of food.

Question 8

Insecure attachment appear to put a child at higher risk for all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Research studies cited in the text found that insecurely attached children are more likely to be hyperactive, have chronic stress reactions, and to have behavioral problems.

Question 9

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a child becomes angry when the mother leaves and avoids her when she returns is called:

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth identified three main forms of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and resistant attachment. In the resistant form of attachment, the child becomes angry when the mother leaves but also avoids her when she returns. This is often seen as a sign of ambivalence and uncertainty in the relationship. Option A (avoidant attachment) is characterized by a lack of interest or emotional response to the mother's absence or return, while option B (secure attachment) involves a positive response to the mother's presence and a sense of security in her care. Option D (dependent attachment) is not a recognized form of attachment in Ainsworth's theory.

Question 10

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a child is ambivalent toward the mother is called:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the views of Mary Ainsworth,...

Question 11

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving is called:

Accepted Answer

Using the strange-situation test, Ainsworth found two basic types of attachment. Between 60 and 70% of U.S. middle-class babies displayed the first type of attachment, which is called secure attachment, where a strong emotional bond between a child and a caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving. The remaining babies-about 30 to 40%-displayed insecure attachment, which results from inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving.

Question 12

According to the results of Mary Ainsworth's studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers?

Accepted Answer

Using the strange-situation test, Ainsworth found two basic types of attachment. Between 60 and 70% of U.S. middle-class babies displayed the first type of attachment, which is called secure attachment, where a strong emotional bond between a child and a caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving. The remaining babies-about 30 to 40%-displayed insecure attachment, which results from inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving.

Question 13

Suppose you read about a research study in which babies are taken by their mothers to a waiting room, where they are met by a stranger. After the baby has begun to play with some toys on the floor, the mother leaves the room, and the stranger observes how the baby responds. This situation describes the research technique called:

Accepted Answer

This procedure basically describes Ainsworth's strange-situation test, which is often used to assess the quality of infant attachment to the primary caregiver.

Question 14

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment which typically results from inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving is called:

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth's research classified inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving as resulting in insecure attachment, characterized by the child's inability to rely on the caregiver for comfort and reassurance. An anxious attachment style may also result from inconsistent caregiving, but this typically involves excessive clinginess and anxiety rather than a lack of trust in the caregiver. Difficult and dependent attachment styles are not typically associated with inconsistent caregiving.

Question 15

In comparison to children who do not form secure attachments in infancy, you would expect that children who are securely attached would be more likely to:

Accepted Answer

Research cited in the text found that children who have experienced secure attachment during infancy exhibit more highly developed social skills in interacting with adults and peers.

Question 16

Newly hatched goslings will treat the first moving thing they see upon hatching as their mother. This is a striking example of:

Accepted Answer

Imprinting is the formation of a bond between some newborn animals (especially birds) and their mothers that appears to be present at birth and is therefore viewed as the result of biological programming rather than learning. In now-classic research, Konrad Lorenz noted that newly hatched goslings, which normally imprint on their mothers, would imprint on any moving object- the family dog or even Lorenz himself-if that object, rather than the mother goose, were present when the goslings hatched.

Question 17

Dr. Jamison argues that the most critical part of parenting during the first year depends on how the infant is fed. She argues that if the feeding ritual is disturbing to the infant in any way, the infant will develop a personality that focuses on oral habits, such as nail-biting and cigarette smoking. Dr. Jamison's views are closest to those espoused by:

Accepted Answer

All theories of human development acknowledge the important early socialization associated with feeding. Sigmund Freud's view, in particular, argues that the first year of life is characterized by a focus on oral stimulation that is associated most closely with the feeding rituals established by the mother. According to Freud, much of later personality development depends on how the child's oral needs are gratified in this first year of life.

Question 18

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the relationship between feeding and comforting behaviors and the development of trusting relationships in infancy?

Accepted Answer

As the book notes, cultures differ dramatically in their customs regarding feeding and comforting. However, in all cultures, attachment and trusting relationships between infants and caregivers occur. The book notes that this is the case even within the seemingly cruel teasing atmosphere of Italian family culture.

Question 19

Harry Harlow's research on the development of attachment in monkeys with surrogate mothers demonstrated the importance of which of the following factors?

Accepted Answer

The results of Harlow's study were that infant monkeys showed a distinct preference for a surrogate made of terrycloth over a wire surrogate that provided a milk supply. They spent more time clinging and vocalizing to it, and they ran to it when they were frightened. Apparently, attachment requires more from the mother than mere physical presence or the provision of food -- it requires a quality mother-infant bond and the comfort that comes from physical contact.

Question 20

According to the results of Mary Ainsworth's studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience secure attachment relationships with their caregivers?

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth's studies, particularly the "Strange Situation" experiment, found that approximately 60-70% of children in the United States exhibit secure attachment with their caregivers.

Quiz 5: Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development