Question 1

Roland's belief that harm might come to others but not to himself is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Roland's belief that harm might come to others but not to himself refers to the personal fable, which is a common thought process among adolescents where they believe they are unique and invincible.

Question 2

Eduardo is 17 and loves mountain biking.He pays no attention to warnings about closed trails and often comments "Nothing will happen to me." Eduardo exemplifies which aspect of adolescent thinking?

Accepted Answer

Eduardo's disregard for warnings and belief that nothing bad will happen to him demonstrate the personal fable aspect of adolescent thinking, where they believe themselves to be invincible and exempt from consequences that others may face.

Question 3

Kohlberg asked subjects to respond to moral dilemmas because he wanted to _____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's aim was to understand and measure the moral reasoning behind people's solutions of moral dilemmas. He was interested in studying how individuals progress through different stages of moral development and how different factors influence that progression.

Question 4

Three teenagers are talking about euthanasia and give the following responses.Which one demonstrates preconventional moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Preconventional moral reasoning is characterized by an individual's reasoning based on personal consequences, such as punishment or reward. Christian's response reflects this stage, as his concern is about the personal consequences (being caught and punished) rather than the moral or ethical implications of the act itself.

Question 5

The study on which Kohlberg based his theory of moral reasoning was a _____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning was based on a longitudinal study of a group of males, beginning at ages 10 to 16. The study was initially conducted in the United States but later expanded to include participants from other cultures. However, the core group of participants were males who were tracked over time to observe the development of moral reasoning.

Question 6

Frieda,age 16,is a boating enthusiast who can tie 20 different kinds of knots.This type of knowledge is most aptly described as __________ knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Procedural knowledge refers to knowledge of how to do something, such as tying knots. This type of knowledge is acquired through practice and repetition.

Question 7

Henri is asked which twentieth-century artist became famous for painting pictures of soup cans and celebrities.He correctly answers "Andy Warhol." This recall of information can best be described as __________ knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge refers to knowledge of facts and information, such as the name of an artist and their famous works. In this case, Henri recalls the name of the artist who painted soup cans and celebrities, which is an example of declarative knowledge.

Question 8

Kristin believes that a person should always tell the truth because that is what a good girl or boy does.She seeks to please others.This type of moral reasoning is characteristic of Kohlberg's level of _____.

Accepted Answer

Kristin's moral reasoning is based on the belief that a good girl or boy follows conventional rules and seeks to please others. This fits with Kohlberg's level of morality of conventional role conformity, where individuals understand and follow society's norms and rules to gain approval from others.

Question 9

Diane disagrees with the government's rules on voter registration.She realizes that the law is written with good intentions,but she disagrees with it and is working to get it changed.Diane falls within Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Diane's disagreement with the law suggests that she is not simply following societal norms or laws (conventional stage), but has moved beyond that to critically evaluate the law and work towards changing it based on her own personal values and principles (postconventional stage).

Question 10

Kohlberg suggested that the majority of adolescents and adults are at which level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg suggested that the majority of adolescents and adults are at the Conventional level of moral reasoning, which involves following rules and conforming to societal norms and expectations.

Question 11

Jacob has begun to understand that the language he uses when he hangs out with his friends and the language he uses when he is at work has to be different.Jacob is gaining an understanding of _____.

Accepted Answer

Jacob is gaining an understanding of social perspective taking, which is the ability to understand the thoughts, feelings, and perspectives of others in different social contexts. He is learning that the language he uses with friends is not appropriate in a professional setting, and is adapting his communication style accordingly. Formal operations (A) refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development and involves the ability to think abstractly and logically. Syntax (B) refers to the rules governing the structure of language, and symbols (D) are objects or images used to represent something else. While these concepts may play a role in communication, they are not directly related to Jacob's ability to adapt his language to different social contexts.

Question 12

Thomas works part-time at a department store.His managers often express how pleased they are that he is able to understand the customer's point of view.This is a result of Thomas' _____.

Accepted Answer

Social perspective taking is the ability to understand how other people feel and think in different social situations. It is a valuable skill in customer service as it allows Thomas to understand the customer's perspective and meet their needs effectively.

Question 13

What is the distinguishing feature of autonomous moral principles?

Accepted Answer

Autonomous moral principles involve recognizing conflicts between moral standards and making one's own judgment based on principles of fairness and justice. This means that individuals are not simply internalizing the standards of others or acting under external controls and influences, but rather are actively engaged in making their own moral decisions based on personal principles. It also involves a level of critical thinking and evaluation of moral standards that is different from simply trying to please others or obey the law.

Question 14

_____ studied moral development by presenting hypothetical dilemmas to subjects to determine what they would recommend as a course of action.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg is specifically known for studying moral development through his stages of moral reasoning, which he developed through presenting subjects with hypothetical moral dilemmas.

Question 15

Austin,age 6,is angry when his 2-year-old sister disturbs his toy trains.Asked why he should not hit her,he says,"Because Mommy will spank me." In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning,Austin's response is typical of _____.

Accepted Answer

Austin's response reflects a concern for avoiding punishment, which is characteristic of preconventional morality in Kohlberg's theory.

Question 16

Elkind's notions of the imaginary audience and the personal fable _____.

Accepted Answer

Elkind's notions of the imaginary audience and the personal fable can be characteristics of youngsters who are experiencing difficulties in adjustment. These cognitive distortions may lead to feelings of isolation and the belief that one's experiences are unique, leading to potential difficulties in social adjustment. However, it is important to note that not all adolescents experience these cognitive distortions and they are not universal features of cognitive development.

Question 17

Jennifer recognizes that AIDS is a serious health risk,yet she sometimes engages in unprotected sex.She believes that bad things can happen to others but will never happen to her.Jennifer is exhibiting which of the following phenomena?

Accepted Answer

Jennifer is exhibiting the personal fable. This is a common belief among adolescents that they are unique or special and that bad things will never happen to them. They feel invincible and believe that they are immune to the consequences of risky behaviors. This can result in engaging in risky behaviors like unprotected sex despite being aware of the risks involved.

Question 18

Preconventional morality is characteristic of _____.

Accepted Answer

Preconventional morality, according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, is the first level of moral reasoning and is primarily associated with young children. However, it can also be observed in some adolescents and adults, especially in situations where individuals prioritize self-interest or make decisions based on potential rewards or punishments rather than internalized moral principles.

Question 19

Gene has just been paid cash for some small home repairs.Gene is displeased with the government's spending priorities and,therefore,is hesitant to report the income on his tax return.He eventually decides to report the money because he feels that obeying the law is essential to the well-being of society.This reflects which level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Gene's decision is based on a belief in the importance of obeying laws for the benefit of society, which aligns with the conventional level of moral reasoning. This level emphasizes conformity to social rules and the importance of maintaining social order.

Question 20

Kohlberg's view of the relationship between cognitive development and moral development was that _____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg believed that advances in cognitive development, including the ability to reason abstractly and think hypothetically, are necessary for advances in moral development. As individuals' cognitive abilities progress, they become more capable of considering abstract moral principles and evaluating moral issues from multiple perspectives, which allows for the development of more advanced moral reasoning.

Quiz 16: Cognitive Development in Adolescence