Question 1

A type of intrapsychic defense that is particularly important to Kleinian theory is called

Accepted Answer

According to Kleinian theory, splitting is a key intrapsychic defense mechanism. Splitting refers to the process of dividing the self and others into all-good and all-bad parts, which allows the individual to cope with conflicting emotions and impulses.

Question 2

The shift in psychoanalytic therapies from a one- versus two-person psychology refers to the emphasis psychoanalytical therapy places on

Accepted Answer

The shift from a one- to two-person psychology in psychoanalytic therapy refers to a recognition of the mutual influence of therapist and patient in the therapeutic relationship. This means that the therapist is not simply a detached observer but has a significant impact on the patient's experiences and growth in therapy. Transference and countertransference, where unconscious feelings towards the therapist are projected onto the patient and vice versa, are key components of this two-person psychology. The emphasis is not on couples counseling or the role of family in development of pathology.

Question 3

People's fantasies play an important role in their psychic functioning. Which of the following concepts is correct in context with the given statement?

Accepted Answer

The concept of fantasy is the most appropriate in the given statement as it refers to the imagined scenarios or situations that individuals create in their minds, which can play a significant role in their psychological processes and emotional experiences.

Question 4

During psychoanalysis, a patient discusses a fantasy. The psychoanalytical therapist would see this fantasy as linked to a(n)

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytical therapy is based on the belief that internal conflicts and unconscious desires influence an individual's behavior and emotions. Therefore, a psychoanalytical therapist would see a fantasy as linked to an instinctually derived wish, which could reveal unconscious desires and conflicts. The therapist would focus on understanding and interpreting the meaning behind the patient's fantasy.

Question 5

Psychoanalytic theory would assert that the behavior of a newborn is dominantly controlled by

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the importance of the unconscious mind and primary process thinking, which is the primitive, instinctual thinking patterns that newborns and young children rely on to get their basic needs met. The collective unconscious and reaction formation are not directly related to newborn behavior, and secondary process thinking develops later in childhood as reasoning and problem-solving skills improve.

Question 6

Several variations on psychoanalytic theory have emerged. The theorist who emphasized the internal representations one makes of others was

Accepted Answer

Melanie Klein was a psychoanalytic theorist who emphasized the internal representations one makes of others. Anna Freud focused on the ego and defense mechanisms, Margaret Mahler studied object relations during infancy, and Albert Ellis developed rational emotive behavior therapy.

Question 7

Psychoanalytic therapists view the therapeutic relationship as

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic therapists view the therapeutic relationship as the vehicle for change. This means that the therapy relationship itself is considered to be the primary means by which healing and growth occur, as the therapist works to establish a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space in which the patient can explore and work through their problems. In this view, the success of the therapy relationship is directly linked to the success of the therapeutic process.

Question 8

Bob talks rationally about the fact that his wife of 30 years has unexpectedly asked for a divorce and discusses the practical aspects of moving out, totally avoiding any show of emotion. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Intellectualization involves using logical and rational thinking to avoid or minimize emotional distress. Bob's discussion of practical aspects and avoidance of emotions is a clear example of intellectualization. Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts and feelings to someone else, reaction formation involves expressing the opposite of one's true feelings, and splitting involves black-and-white thinking and categorizing people as all good or all bad. None of these apply to Bob's behavior in this scenario.

Question 9

A common assumption across psychoanalytic perspectives is that humans are motivated by

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic perspectives emphasize the importance of unconscious factors influencing human behavior, thoughts, and emotions. These unconscious factors are often related to early childhood experiences and conflicts, which can shape a person's personality and behavior throughout their life. This perspective highlights the role of the unconscious mind, including repressed memories and desires, in shaping human motivation.

Question 10

Freud's early view of hysteria described the symptoms as resulting from

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that hysteria arose from unconscious conflicts and emotions that were repressed or suppressed as a result of traumatic experiences or socially unacceptable desires. These repressed emotions would then manifest as physical symptoms or other forms of psychological distress.

Question 11

Secondary process refers to thinking that is

Accepted Answer

Secondary process refers to logical thinking that involves problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. It is a higher-level cognitive process that is involved in conscious and deliberate mental activities, such as reasoning, planning, and abstract thinking. This type of thinking is in contrast to primary process, which is more instinctual and emotionally driven.

Question 12

Joan becomes agitated with her psychoanalyst's interpretations, perceiving the comments as judgmental, which reminds her of interactions with her father. This is known as

Accepted Answer

Joan's negative reaction to her therapist's comments is an example of transference, which occurs when a patient unconsciously transfers feelings and attitudes from significant people in their past onto their therapist. In this case, Joan is reminded of her interactions with her father and perceives the therapist's comments as judgmental, leading to her agitation.

Question 13

According to drive theory, starting during infancy, there is a psychobiological push to repeat experiences that lead to tension reduction. This concept is known as

Accepted Answer

Drive theory is based on the idea that we have an innate drive to reduce tension and satisfy our needs. This is guided by the pleasure principle, which involves seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Therefore, the answer is (D) pleasure principle.

Question 14

When someone denies a threatening feeling and is proclaiming to feel the opposite, they are displaying the defense mechanism of

Accepted Answer

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which someone denies threatening feelings and instead displays the opposite emotions, beliefs, or behaviors.

Question 15

Every time Charles feels insecure in his relationship with Megan, he accuses Megan of being insecure. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This behavior is an example of projection, as Charles is projecting his own feelings of insecurity onto Megan.

Question 16

Jung described emotionally charged ideas that were repressed because they were too emotionally threatening as

Accepted Answer

Jung referred to these emotionally charged ideas as "complexes." The term "shadow" refers to the aspects of our personality that we have repressed or rejected, but these may not necessarily be emotionally charged ideas. "Libido" refers to the life force or sexual energy, and "ego" refers to the conscious mind or sense of self.

Question 17

The process by which emotionally painful intrapsychic elements are pushed out of awareness is termed as

Accepted Answer

The process by which emotionally painful intrapsychic elements are pushed out of awareness is known as defense mechanisms. These defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously use to protect themselves from the threat of unacceptable thoughts, feelings or impulses. They work by distorting reality to reduce the anxiety caused by these unacceptable elements. Examples of defense mechanisms include denial, repression, projection, and rationalization.

Question 18

In Studies on Hysteria, Freud wrote about his early theoretical ideas derived from work with hypnosis and hysterics. This manuscript includes a summary of the work with Anna O., whose treatment was provided by

Accepted Answer

In Studies on Hysteria, Freud wrote about his work with Josef Breuer and their treatment of Anna O. There is no mention of Jean Charcot, Hermann Helmholtz, or Charles Darwin in this context.

Question 19

The psychological theory created by Carl Jung is termed

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung's theory is referred to as analytical psychology, which emphasizes a person's individuality and the importance of the unconscious mind.

Question 20

Sally's view of her therapist continuously shifts from "good" to "bad." This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of splitting, which occurs when a person's view of others or situations oscillate between extreme and polarized perceptions of positive and negative qualities, without much nuance or balance in between.

Quiz 2: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies Jeremy D Safran, Alexander Kriss and Victoria Foley