Question 1

According to sociologist Erving Goffman,______________refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation.

Accepted Answer

Face-saving behavior refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation. This can include things like making excuses or justifying our actions in order to save face and maintain our social image.

Question 2

A(n)______________is a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

Accepted Answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a false belief or prediction that leads to behavior that causes the original belief to become true. For example, if a teacher falsely believes that certain students are troublemakers, they may treat them differently and give them less attention, which may cause those students to misbehave and act out, thus fulfilling the original belief. This cycle of behavior can continue and reinforce the original false belief.

Question 3

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of______________that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation,including how,where,when,and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

Accepted Answer

The term "feeling rules" is specific to Hochschild's theory on emotional labor and refers to the social expectations or norms that dictate how one should feel and express emotions in given situations. Option A ("emotional labors") refers to the process of managing one's emotions to comply with such feeling rules. Option B ("dramaturgical guidelines") is a concept from Erving Goffman's work that refers to the idea of social life being similar to a theatrical production, where individuals must perform their roles appropriately. Option D ("socioemotional norms") is a more general term that could refer to any set of social norms surrounding emotional expression.

Question 4

The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience is referred to as the:

Accepted Answer

The term "social construction of reality" refers to the idea that reality is not an objective fact, but rather a product of social and cultural contexts that shape our understanding of the world. Our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to our experiences based on the social norms, values, and beliefs that we have learned from our culture. This process is ongoing and ever-changing, as new experiences and interactions shape and reshape our understanding of the world.

Question 5

Our perceptions about the meaning of a situation vary widely based on the statuses we occupy and our unique personal experiences.In her study of women's reactions to street encounters,sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner determined that women:

Accepted Answer

Carol Brooks Gardner's study determined that women fear for their personal safety and try to avoid comments and propositions that are sexual in nature when they walk down the street. This suggests that women do not perceive street encounters in the same way that men do and are, in fact, often afraid during such encounters. Option A and B are incorrect based on the study's findings. Option D is also incorrect as it suggests that men and women have the same perception of street encounters.

Question 6

The fact that people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern,or______________,which regulates the form and processes (but not the content)of social interaction.

Accepted Answer

The phrase "interaction order" refers to the patterned and regulated form of social interaction, which includes behaviors such as civil inattention. Therefore, choice B is the best answer. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately convey this concept.

Question 7

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term,______________,refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

Accepted Answer

Civil inattention is a term coined by the sociologist Erving Goffman, which refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention. This could include avoiding direct eye contact, acknowledging their presence with a small smile or nod, or engaging in polite conversation without delving too deeply into personal topics. It is a way of being polite and respectful without intruding on someone else's space or privacy.

Question 8

Based on sociologist Erving Goffman's perspectives,______________is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

Accepted Answer

Goffman's perspective is known as "dramaturgical analysis," which views social interactions as a theatrical performance where individuals take on roles, use props, and adjust their behavior based on the audience's reactions. Ethnomethodology is an approach in sociology that focuses on the ways in which people make sense of their everyday world. Impression management and presentational analysis are related concepts to dramaturgical analysis, but they are not the primary focus of Goffman's perspective.

Question 9

According to______________,interaction is based on the assumption of shared expectations.For example,when you are talking with someone,you will probably have certain expectations about taking turns speaking and listening.

Accepted Answer

Ethnomethodologists study how people make sense of the world and the social norms that guide behavior. They argue that interaction is based on shared expectations and that individuals constantly negotiate these expectations to maintain social order. Conflict theorists, functionalists, and rational choice theorists focus on different aspects of social behavior and do not necessarily emphasize shared expectations in the same way as ethnomethodologists.

Question 10

______________ ,or presentation of self,refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.

Accepted Answer

Impression management involves individuals strategically managing the way they present themselves to others in order to create a certain impression or manipulate others' perceptions of them. This can include behaviors, appearances, and communication styles that are tailored to specific situations and audiences. The other options (B, C, and D) are related concepts but not specifically focused on individuals' self-presentation strategies.

Question 11

A college professor projects a professional image in dress,speech,and mannerisms while actively teaching a classroom full of students.This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called______________behavior.

Accepted Answer

The concept of front stage behavior refers to how individuals present a certain image of themselves in public settings, such as in a classroom when teaching. This is done through various means, such as dress, speech, and mannerisms, and is meant to project a professional image to the audience. Goffman believed that individuals often perform different roles in different contexts, and that front stage behavior is one way of managing one's presentation of self to others.

Question 12

Sociologist______________initiated the ethnomethodology approach because he was critical of mainstream sociology for not recognizing the ongoing ways in which people create reality and produce their own world.

Accepted Answer

Harold Garfinkel is the sociologist who initiated the ethnomethodology approach because he believed mainstream sociology did not acknowledge the ongoing processes through which people create and maintain their own social reality. Ethnomethodology aims to uncover the implicit assumptions and social norms that people use to make sense of and navigate their social world. Erving Goffman is a significant figure in the study of social interaction and self-presentation, but he did not initiate the ethnomethodology approach. Robert Merton is a prominent functionalist sociologist, while Emile Durkheim is associated with the development of structural functionalism and the study of religion and social order.

Question 13

According to the dramaturgical approach proposed by Goffman,______________refers to the area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience.

Accepted Answer

According to Goffman's dramaturgical approach, the area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience is known as the "back stage." Therefore, the correct choice is C. Option A, "front stage," refers to the area where a player performs in front of an audience. Options B and D are not acknowledged concepts in Goffman's approach.

Question 14

______________ is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

Accepted Answer

Ethnomethodology is the study of the common knowledge and practices that people use to make sense of the world around them. It focuses on everyday activities and interactions between people and how they interpret and make sense of these interactions using background knowledge and social norms. Behavioral modification, background expectancy, and method realism are not directly related to the study of common sense knowledge.

Question 15

In a series of______________,sociologist Harold Garfinkel assigned different activities to his students to see how breaking the unspoken rules of behavior created confusion.

Accepted Answer

Garfinkel's experiments were known as "breaching experiments" because they involved intentionally breaking or "breaching" the unspoken rules of social behavior to see how people reacted.

Question 16

According to the dramaturgical approach proposed by Goffman,______________refers to the area where a player performs a specific role before an audience.

Accepted Answer

According to Goffman's dramaturgical approach, "front stage" refers to the area where a player performs a specific role before an audience. The other options are not typically used in Goffman's approach.

Question 17

Our perceptions and behavior are influenced by how we initially define situations.In other words,we act on reality as we see it.This concept is referred to as the:

Accepted Answer

The concept of how our perceptions and behavior are influenced by how we define situations is referred to as the social construction of reality. This means that social reality is not objective or fixed, but rather it is created and defined by individuals and groups through their interactions and understanding of the world around them. This understanding is subjective and can vary between different people and cultures. Therefore, the best answer is D) social construction of reality.

Question 18

A college professor engages in preparatory work in her office alone.This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called______________behavior.

Accepted Answer

Preparatory work in a private office is an example of back stage behavior, defined by Goffman as behavior that is not intended for public view and where individuals can let down their guard and be themselves.

Question 19

Bob lives in the ghetto and believes he has no chance of ever getting out,so Bob does not try.This is an example of the:

Accepted Answer

Bob's belief in his lack of opportunity and consequent lack of effort creates a self-fulfilling prophecy where he does not attempt to improve his situation and thus remains in the ghetto.

Question 20

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in______________,a face- saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

Accepted Answer

Studied nonobservance is the face-saving technique explained in the question, as stated by sociologist Erving Goffman. The other options (B, C, and D) are terms that refer to different sociological phenomena unrelated to the concept described in the question.

Quiz 5: Society,social Structure,and Interaction in Everyday Life