Question 1

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she hadearned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University?

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins was denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University because she was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution. Despite her outstanding academic achievements and being William James's most brilliant student, Harvard refused to award her the degree simply because of her gender.

Question 2

Which of the following approaches was referred to as the "thirdforce" in American psychology?

Accepted Answer

The humanistic psychology approach, which emphasizes individual free will, personal growth, and the importance of human relationships, was referred to as the "third force" in American psychology, in contrast to the two dominant schools of thought at the time: behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkinsis FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneer in psychology but did not found behaviorism. This school of psychology was established by John B. Watson in the early 20th century, after Calkins had already made significant contributions to the field.

Question 4

Dr. Professor has used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with age.Dr. Professor most likely subscribes to the _____ perspective ofpsychology.

Accepted Answer

The fact that Dr. Professor is using a biological technique, the fMRI scan, to examine changes in the brain due to age suggests that they subscribe to the biological perspective of psychology, which focuses on the physical and physiological aspects of behavior and mental processes.

Question 5

Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that:

Accepted Answer

Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that psychology should study conscious experience, as opposed to behaviorism which focused on observable behaviors.

Question 6

The _____ perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases ofhuman and animal behavior, including the nervous system,endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.

Accepted Answer

The biological perspective is the only perspective that emphasizes the physical bases of behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics. The other choices - psychodynamic, humanistic, and behavioral - focus more on internal mental processes, individual growth and potential, and observable behaviors, respectively.

Question 7

Key figures in the development of behaviorism include:

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism as a psychological perspective was largely developed by John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner. They emphasized the role of environmental factors in shaping and controlling behavior, and believed that observable behaviors could be analyzed scientifically. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Options A, B, and C include important figures in the history of psychology, but they are not key figures in the development of behaviorism.

Question 8

Sigmund Freud:

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud delivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Massachusetts in the early 1900s. He also lectured extensively at universities throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, but he never visited the United States. He did not train Carl Rogers in the use of scientific methods to study the unconscious mind, and while he did discuss the nature versus nurture issue in his work, he did not promote interactive dualism as a way to understand human behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkinsis TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins was indeed the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. However, she studied psychology at Harvard University under William James and was never able to receive a Ph.D. from Leipzig University due to their policy of not granting degrees to women at the time. She did not publish a textbook titled The Animal Mind and did not conduct research on the giant panda.

Question 10

Which of the following approaches dominated Americanpsychology for the first half of the twentieth century?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism dominated American psychology for the first half of the twentieth century, with its emphasis on observable behavior rather than internal mental processes. Structuralism and functionalism were earlier movements in psychology, while psychoanalysis had a significant influence but was not the dominant approach during this time period.

Question 11

Which early school of psychology examined how psychologycould be applied to education, child rearing, and the work environment?

Accepted Answer

Functionalism was an early school of psychology that emphasized the practical applications of psychology. It examined how psychological principles could be applied to education, child rearing, and the work environment.

Question 12

Humanistic psychology emphasized:

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology focused on the unique qualities of humans, including free will, self-determination, and the potential for psychological growth. This perspective emphasized the importance of understanding individual experiences and subjective perceptions. It emphasized the exploration of emotions and personal values to gain insight into human behavior.

Question 13

Neuroscience refers to the study of the:

Accepted Answer

Neuroscience specifically refers to the study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The endocrine system and immune system are studied in other fields. The genome refers to the complete set of genetic material of an organism and is studied in genetics and molecular biology.

Question 14

In recent decades, increased interest in the _____ perspectivehas occurred due to the development of new drugs forpsychological disorders and the development of new techniquesto study the human brain.

Accepted Answer

The development of new drugs for psychological disorders and the use of new techniques to study the human brain are associated with the biological perspective, which focuses on the physiological and genetic factors that contribute to behavior and mental processes. The other perspectives listed (psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive) do not specifically address these advancements.

Question 15

Which school of psychology would agree that "psychologyshould stress the study of how behavior and mental processesallow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?

Accepted Answer

This statement aligns with the school of functionalism, which emphasizes the adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes in allowing organisms to function and survive in their environments.

Question 16

Psychoanalysis emphasized:

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis puts a strong emphasis on the unconscious mind and how it shapes our behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

Question 17

The development of techniques such as PET, MRI, and fMRI scans to study the structure and function of the brain hasenhanced the work of psychologists in the _____ perspective of psychology.

Accepted Answer

Techniques such as PET, MRI, and fMRI scans allow psychologists to study the biological structures and processes of the brain, making the biological perspective of psychology the most relevant in this case. The behavioral perspective focuses more on observable behavior, the psychodynamic perspective on unconscious conflicts, and the humanistic perspective on individual experience and personal growth.

Question 18

Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blockedmemories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach topsychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis focuses on uncovering unconscious thoughts and emotions that can manifest in dreams, slips of the tongue, and blocked memories. Therefore, a therapist who is interested in these aspects of their patient's psyche is likely using a psychoanalytic approach to therapy.

Question 19

Humanistic psychology was called the "third force" because it:

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology emerged as an alternative to the dominant approaches of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, which led to it being called the "third force" in psychology.

Question 20

Behaviorism was characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism was a psychological approach that rejected consciousness as a topic of study and instead emphasized the study of observable behavior. This approach focused on external factors that shape behavior, such as environmental stimuli and reinforcement.

Quiz 1: Introductionand Research Methods