Question 1

Freud's landmark theory of psychoanalysis became the basis ofwhich perspective in contemporary psychology?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis became the basis of the psychodynamic perspective in contemporary psychology, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious thoughts and early childhood experiences in shaping behavior and personality. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like thinking and problem solving, humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of conscious experience and personal growth, and cross-cultural psychology examines how culture influences behavior and mental processes.

Question 2

Dr. Professor, who follows the _____ perspective,conceptualizes human thinking, memory, and perception interms of an information-processing model.

Accepted Answer

The information-processing model is a central concept in cognitive psychology. Therefore, the perspective being described is the cognitive perspective.

Question 3

Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should focuson observable behaviors to discover the fundamental laws oflearning form the basis of which major perspective incontemporary psychology?

Accepted Answer

Watson and Skinner's focus on observable behaviors and learning laws aligns with the behavioral perspective in contemporary psychology, which emphasizes the role of environment and reinforcement in shaping behavior.

Question 4

Even though Dr. Castro does not agree with Freud'spsychoanalytic approach, she still thinks that unconsciousprocesses and interpersonal relationships are critical toexplaining human behavior. Thus, Dr. Castro follows the _____perspective in psychology.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Castro's belief in the importance of unconscious processes and interpersonal relationships aligns with the psychodynamic perspective, which was developed by Freud. While she may not agree with Freud's entire psychoanalytic approach, her emphasis on these factors indicates that she follows this perspective.

Question 5

In contemporary psychology, the psychodynamic perspective,the behavioral perspective, and the humanistic perspective:

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic perspectives are all commonly used by psychologists in the mental health field. They provide different approaches to understanding and treating psychological disorders.

Question 6

Which of the following perspectives in psychology seeks to counterbalance psychology's traditional emphasis onpsychological problems and disorders?

Accepted Answer

Positive psychology is the perspective that seeks to counterbalance psychology's traditional emphasis on psychological problems and disorders. Positive psychology focuses on positive experiences, personal strengths, and healthy relationships, with the goal of enhancing overall well-being and promoting a fulfilling life. The other options (psychodynamic, evolutionary, and cross-cultural) do not specifically focus on countering the emphasis on psychological problems and disorders.

Question 7

"I hate doing group projects in my classes,"Hillary, anAmerican student, complained. "When we do a group project,people just don't work as hard as they do when they areworking alone." Hillary's observation reflects a psychological phenomenon called:

Accepted Answer

Hillary's observation about group projects aligns with social loafing, which occurs when individuals slack off or decrease their effort when working in a group setting as compared to when they work individually. This phenomenon can lead to decreased productivity and poorer outcomes in group projects.

Question 8

Psychologists following the _____ perspective have investigatedthe diversity of human behavior in different countries and havediscovered that some well-established psychological findings arenot as universal as once thought.

Accepted Answer

The cross-cultural perspective specifically focuses on investigating and understanding the diversity of human behavior across different cultures and countries. This includes challenging the universality of certain psychological findings and recognizing that cultural context can significantly impact behavior and thought processes. The other perspectives listed (positive psychology, evolutionary, and cognitive) may touch on cultural differences, but they do not have the primary focus on cross-cultural research.

Question 9

Discovering the fundamental laws of learning through studyingobservable behavior is a focus of the _____ perspective ofpsychology.

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective of psychology is focused on studying observable behavior and discovering the fundamental laws of learning through this observation. The cognitive perspective is more focused on internal mental processes, while the humanistic perspective is focused on individual experiences and potential for growth. The cross-cultural perspective considers the influence of culture on behavior and perception.

Question 10

According to the _____ perspective, psychologists shouldinvestigate only overt, observable behavior and should notconcern themselves with internal mental processes that cannotbe precisely observed and measured.

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective focuses on observable behavior and the environmental factors that influence it, rather than internal mental processes that cannot be directly observed or measured. This approach emphasizes the importance of conditioning and reinforcement in shaping behavior.

Question 11

Theresa is attracted to a relatively new area of psychology thatfocuses on the conditions and processes that contribute tooptimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions. She believes that psychology should be concerned with topics such as personal happiness, optimism, creativity, wisdom, and theinstitutions that foster these qualities in individuals andcommunities. Her views are most consistent with the _____perspective in psychology.

Accepted Answer

Theresa's views align with the positive psychology perspective, which focuses on promoting and enhancing human strengths and positive emotions, rather than just treating mental illness or negative behaviors. This perspective emphasizes topics such as happiness, resilience, optimism, and personal growth.

Question 12

During the 1960s, the movement away from traditionalbehaviorism and toward the study of how mental processesinfluence behavior was called:

Accepted Answer

The movement away from traditional behaviorism and toward the study of how mental processes influence behavior was called "the cognitive revolution" during the 1960s, and it was influenced by the development of the first computers.

Question 13

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

Accepted Answer

The cognitive revolution refers to a renewed emphasis on the study of mental processes and the break from the traditional behaviorism that dominated psychology in the first half of the 20th century. This shift occurred in the 1950s and 1960s and was largely influenced by the emergence of information-processing theories and the development of new research methods such as computer simulations and brain imaging. The cognitive revolution led to a greater understanding of how our minds work and has greatly influenced modern psychology.

Question 14

As a psychology researcher, you have found that the publicexpression of emotions differs among people from the UnitedStates, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fitsbest with which perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural perspective in psychology focuses on studying the differences and similarities in behavior and mental processes across different cultures. The research on the expression of emotions in people from different countries falls under the purview of cross-cultural psychology.

Question 15

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and thinking. It is concerned with how people acquire, process, and store information and how they use that information to guide their behavior.

Question 16

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes theimportance of unconscious influences and early life experiencesin explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective of psychology is based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud, and it emphasizes the role of unconscious influences and early life experiences in shaping behavior. This perspective believes that behavior is driven by unconscious conflicts and that resolving these conflicts is key to improving mental health.

Question 17

Research on social loafing demonstrated that Europeanparticipants worked harder on a task when working alone,whereas Chinese participants worked harder on a task whenthey were part of a group. These results illustrate theimportance of the _____ perspective in psychology.

Accepted Answer

This question highlights the importance of cross-cultural perspective in psychology. The study showed that cultural differences affected participants' work behavior, which indicates that culture is an important factor to consider in psychology research. The other perspectives listed (cognitive, biological, and humanistic) do not directly address the role of culture in psychology.

Question 18

Dr. Ramen believes that, in order to effectively treat his clients'psychological disorders, it is essential to understand his clients'early life experiences. Dr. Ramen takes the _____ perspective in psychological treatment.

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective is based on the idea that early childhood experiences shape an individual's personality and behavior. Therefore, Dr. Ramen's belief that understanding his clients' early experiences are essential to effective treatment aligns with this perspective.

Question 19

John's therapist focuses on how interpersonal relationshipshave influenced John's self-concept. John's therapist likely takes which of the following perspectives in psychology?

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective in psychology emphasizes the importance of personal growth and self-actualization, and focuses on understanding how individuals perceive themselves and their experiences in the world. It often addresses how interpersonal relationships have influenced an individual's self-concept.

Question 20

Dr. Jackson is interested in how stress affects the brain andexamines PET scans of individuals before and after stressfulsituations. Dr. Jackson's approach is part of the _____perspective.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Jackson's approach involves examining PET scans of the brain, which is related to the biological perspective that looks at how the physical processes in the brain and body contribute to behavior and mental processes.

Quiz 1: Introductionand Research Methods