Question 1

Use of _______ is an example of students developing proficiency in advanced grammar.

Accepted Answer

Embedded clauses are a feature of advanced grammar, as they involve the use of subordinate clauses within a sentence, demonstrating a higher level of syntactic complexity.

Question 2

Which is a way that academic writing differs from typical conversational language?

Accepted Answer

Academic writing typically involves complex vocabulary, sentence structures, and logical organization, and it often addresses specialized topics not commonly discussed in everyday conversation.

Question 3

Studies have revealed consistent gender differences in verbal proficiency and mathematical proficiency over time and across countries. What is NOT suggested as a possible explanation for these differences?

Accepted Answer

Boys spending less time reading is not directly linked to a lack of development in executive functioning abilities, which are more broadly related to cognitive processes beyond just reading.

Question 4

_______ engagement is the term used by researchers to refer to a student's approach to learning, including the use of effective strategies to support learning of school material.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive engagement refers to the mental effort and strategies a student uses to understand and learn school material effectively.

Question 5

Fifteen-year-old Tanisha is one of the top-performing students in her class in terms of homework and tests. She loves school and being involved in school activities. However, in class, she is often distracted, socializing with her friends, and inattentive. A developmental psychologist would say that she is

Accepted Answer

Tanisha is emotionally engaged because she loves school and activities, and cognitively engaged as she performs well in homework and tests, but she is not behaviorally engaged due to her inattentiveness and socializing in class.

Question 6

Which statement about school engagement is most correct?

Accepted Answer

Success in school typically involves a combination of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement, as these components collectively contribute to a student's overall school experience and achievement.

Question 7

Sixteen-year-old Sebastian is determined to pursue a career in a medical field. However, he is struggling in his biochemistry class and is only earning a C+ grade. Instead of giving up, he continues to study earnestly, asks for extra help from the teacher, and is now looking for a tutor. A developmental psychologist would say that Sebastian

Accepted Answer

Sebastian's determination to improve his grade by studying earnestly, seeking extra help, and looking for a tutor demonstrates grit, which is the perseverance and passion for long-term goals.

Question 8

Fifteen-year-old Ashley is worried that she will not do well on an upcoming exam and is worried about the consequences of not doing well. A developmental psychologist would say that she is experiencing

Accepted Answer

Test anxiety refers to the nervousness or fear that one might experience before or during an exam, which can affect performance. Ashley's worry about not doing well on the exam and its consequences aligns with this concept.

Question 9

Twelve-year-old Rennie believes that effort and practice are the key to academic success. He is more interested in becoming good at new tasks than showing how "smart" he is. A developmental psychologist would say that Rennie has an

Accepted Answer

Rennie's belief in effort and practice aligns with an incremental view of intelligence, and his interest in improving skills rather than proving his intelligence aligns with a mastery goal orientation.

Question 10

Fifteen-year-old Kamaru really likes history class, but he does not see himself studying history in the future and is not sure how knowing history will help him. Consequently, he is not willing to invest a lot of time to do well in his history class. How would a developmental psychologist explain Kamaru's calculation of task value?

Accepted Answer

Kamaru finds history interesting (high interest value) but does not see it as important for his future (low attainment value) or useful (low utility value), making it not worth the cost.

Question 11

Thirteen-year-old Roman's parents are relatively hands-off when it comes to school. Roman likes school but has been struggling and falling behind with his schoolwork over the past year. Consequently, his motivation and interest in school is starting to wane. According to research, how can Roman's parents best support his academic success?

Accepted Answer

Providing structure and support by working with Roman to create a schedule can help him manage his time better and improve his academic performance, while also fostering his independence and self-regulation skills.

Question 12

Sixteen-year-old Malea asks her parents for advice about what classes to take and how she can achieve her academic and career goals. Her parents try to provide guidance where they can. This is an example of parents

Accepted Answer

Parents providing advice and guidance on classes and career goals is an example of helping their child navigate the educational process.

Question 13

Sixteen-year-old Janice is one of a few female students in her advanced physics class. She excels on assignments and in-class work but often underperforms on tests. Her teacher, who is male, frequently makes comments about how physics requires "mental toughness" and "fortitude." A developmental psychologist might suspect that Janice is experiencing

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group, which can lead to anxiety and underperformance, especially in testing situations. Janice's situation suggests she might be experiencing this due to the teacher's comments and being one of the few females in the class.

Question 14

Experiencing or witnessing discrimination in school often causes students to reduce engagement with school. Which has/have been found by research to be a protective or preventative factor against withdrawal?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that all the listed factors can serve as protective or preventative measures against withdrawal due to discrimination. Positive cross-ethnic friendships, strong role models, connection to one's own group, and a positive identity all contribute to resilience and engagement.

Question 15

What do experiments such as the 1976 experiment on housing placement under the Chicago Housing Authority demonstrate about the neighborhood effect on academic achievement?

Accepted Answer

The 1976 experiment under the Chicago Housing Authority showed that adolescents who moved to more-resourced neighborhoods performed better academically, indicating the positive impact of improved neighborhood conditions on academic achievement.

Question 16

As an adolescent, Raheem did well in high school and, consequently, was engaged and motivated, as evidenced by his participation in various clubs and youth group activities. In college, Raheem was involved in student government. And now, as an adult, he participates in various community events and activities. This is an example of positive cascading effects of

Accepted Answer

Raheem's engagement and motivation in high school, college, and adulthood demonstrate a positive cascading effect of cognitive development and academics, as his early success and involvement in school activities likely contributed to his continued participation and engagement in community activities as an adult.

Question 17

Which statement about the cascading effects of academic motivation on life trajectories is most correct?

Accepted Answer

High academic motivation in adolescence is linked to positive life outcomes, while low motivation can lead to negative consequences, affecting education, career, and personal development.

Question 18

Which has not been identified as an effect of school dropout?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of infertility has not been identified as an effect of school dropout. The other options are recognized consequences of dropping out of school.

Question 19

Evergreen Highschool has seen a gradual increase in dropout rates over the past few years. According to research, what type of intervention program would be the most effective for reducing the dropout rate?

Accepted Answer

Programs that provide both academic and emotional support while encouraging student engagement are typically more effective in addressing the multifaceted issues that lead to student dropouts.

Question 20

Overall, what does research on adolescent cognitive development say about individuals achieving their cognitive potential?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that cognitive performance is influenced by a combination of individual factors (such as genetics and personal motivation) and contextual factors (such as socio-economic status, educational opportunities, and social environment).

Quiz 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence