Question 1

David Rosenhan's study involved him and seven colleagues engaging in complete participant roles in a mental hospital in ______ roles.

Accepted Answer

David Rosenhan's study involved him and seven colleagues engaging in complete participant roles in a mental hospital in pseudo-patient roles. This was to test the validity of psychiatric diagnoses.

Question 2

In a ______, the observer does not reveal to others that they are a researcher.

Accepted Answer

In a complete participant role, the observer fully participates in the group activities as a member and does not disclose their identity as a researcher to others. This allows for a more in-depth observation from within the group.

Question 3

Festinger's study on a doomsday group involved research team members joining the group and observing from the inside. This is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Festinger's study involved researchers joining the group without revealing their identity or purpose, which is an example of covert observation, where the subjects are unaware they are being studied.

Question 4

Alvin joins a fraternity to observe college Greek culture as part of his senior thesis project, he does not disclose his research intent to his fraternity brothers. What type of research role is Alvin engaging in?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alvin joins a fraternity to observe college...

Question 5

Researchers who identify themselves as being engaged in observational research are engaging in a ______ role.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers who identify themselves as being engaged...

Question 6

Mark invites engaged couples to a lab to observe them discussing wedding plans. The couples know they are being observed for research and their conversation is atypical due to ______.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B) reactivity, which refers to the phenomenon where individuals alter their behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed.

Question 7

Level of reactivity is reduced during longer observational periods for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

The level of reactivity is reduced during longer observational periods because participants become more comfortable (rapport is established), the novelty of the situation decreases (novel stimuli fades into the background), and participants find it harder to maintain a false front over time. However, making the observation more structured does not inherently reduce reactivity; it could potentially increase it by making participants more aware of being observed.

Question 8

______ refers to a manual that outlines the rules that will be used to structure the coding of textual, visual, or audio observations in a manner that helps to improve the validity and reliability of the coding classifications made.

Accepted Answer

A coding scheme is a manual that outlines the rules for coding textual, visual, or audio observations, aiming to enhance the validity and reliability of the classifications made during research.

Question 9

With ______ the researcher observes the participant and notes each time a predetermined criterion behavior occurs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of With ______ the researcher observes the participant...

Question 10

Betty is observing baseball players to see how often they spit during the game. She notes every time they spit. Which coding scheme system is being used to code this behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Betty is observing baseball players to see...

Question 11

A ______ is better suited if you are interested in the number of times a behavior is displayed, whereas a ______ is better suited if you are interested in the temporal flow of the behavior throughout the day.

Accepted Answer

A sign system is used to count the frequency of specific behaviors, making it suitable for quantifying how often a behavior occurs. A category system, on the other hand, is used to classify the content or type of behavior, which can help in understanding the pattern or flow of behaviors over time.

Question 12

______ refers to the understandings that exist within a social group.

Accepted Answer

Emic refers to the understandings that exist within a social group.

Question 13

______ refers to understandings from the outside, that is, the observer's perspective.

Accepted Answer

Etic refers to the perspective of the observer, analyzing cultures from an external point of view.

Question 14

According to Lofland everything we call social science addresses one of three questions. Which is NOT one of the three questions?

Accepted Answer

Lofland's framework for social science research focuses on understanding the causes, characteristics, and consequences of social phenomena, rather than simply identifying what a social phenomenon is.

Question 15

______ notes are hunches, hypotheses, poststructuralist connections, critiques of what I am doing/thinking/seeing.

Accepted Answer

Theoretical notes involve hunches, hypotheses, and critiques, often incorporating poststructuralist connections and reflections on the researcher's thoughts and observations.

Question 16

Learning the activities of people in the natural setting through observing or participating in those activities is referred to as all the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Participatory action research is a method that involves researchers and participants working together to understand a problem and develop solutions. It is distinct from participant observation, ethnography, and field research, which are methods focused on observing or participating in people's activities to understand their behaviors and cultures in natural settings.

Question 17

______ combines the self-reflection of autobiography with the cultural analysis that is integral to ethnography.

Accepted Answer

Autoethnography combines personal experiences (self-reflection) with cultural analysis, making it distinct from other forms of writing that might focus solely on one's life (autobiography) or solely on the study of cultures (ethnography).

Question 18

The goal of ______ is to understand the relationship between societal structures and ideological patterns of thought that limit our ability to confront and change unjust social systems.

Accepted Answer

Critical ethnographers aim to understand the relationship between societal structures and ideological patterns of thought, focusing on how these elements contribute to social injustice and limit our capacity for change. This approach is distinct from other forms of ethnography by its explicit commitment to social change and critique of power dynamics.

Question 19

Participatory action research was linked to the following trends below EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Participatory action research (PAR) is primarily associated with approaches that emphasize collaboration, empowerment, and systemic change, rather than specific debates such as the gender wage pay gap within women's studies. While PAR has been influential in fields like education, social sciences, and international development by challenging traditional paradigms and promoting more inclusive and democratic methods, it is not directly linked to the specific issue of the gender wage gap, which is a more focused topic within the broader field of gender studies and economic inequality.

Question 20

Researchers who engage in research in communities they have no connection to and extract data and disappear are engaging in ______ research.

Accepted Answer

This type of research is often referred to as "hit and run research," where researchers collect data from a community without forming any meaningful connection or giving back to the community, essentially taking what they need and leaving without further engagement.

Quiz 11: Observation, Ethnography, and Participatory Action Research