Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a way to justify research and explain its potential contribution.
A) addressing gaps in the literature
B) hypotheses as instruments of theory
C) contributing to theory development
D) implications for policy or programme development

Accepted Answer

Hypotheses serve as testable statements derived from theories rather than instruments to justify research or explain its potential contribution. Justifying research typically involves addressing literature gaps, contributing to theory, or discussing practical implications, not the role of hypotheses as instruments.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a researchable question?
A) How does free access to medical care affect the physical health of a population?
B) Have legislative changes regarding prostitution affected the street trade?
C) Why do people buy lottery tickets?
D) Are quota systems fair?

Accepted Answer

Researchable questions are those that can be answered through empirical investigation, data collection, and analysis. Choices A, B, and C can be explored through such methods by examining health outcomes, legal impacts, and consumer behavior, respectively. Choice D, however, asks about the fairness of quota systems, which is a normative question based on values and beliefs rather than empirical evidence, making it not researchable in the same way.

Question 3

Which of the following is a researchable question?
A) What teaching style is best?
B) Is capitalism or socialism the better economic system?
C) How does extended exposure to a minority group affect attitudes toward that group?
D) How should we respond to domestic terrorism?

Accepted Answer

C is researchable because it is specific and measurable, focusing on the effects of a particular variable (extended exposure to a minority group) on attitudes, which can be empirically studied through surveys, experiments, or observational studies. Choices A, B, and D are too broad, subjective, or normative to be directly researched without further specification.

Question 4

Questions that are hard to research are:
A) too limited in scope
B) have no empirical answer
C) situational
D) not important to the research community

Accepted Answer

Questions that are hard to research often have no empirical answer, meaning they cannot be tested or measured through observation or experimentation.

Question 5

______ questions are specific, limited in scope, related to some empirical reality, and should have specific evaluation criteria.
A) Real-world
B) Researchable
C) Situational
D) Focused

Accepted Answer

Researchable questions are specific, limited in scope, related to some empirical reality, and should have specific evaluation criteria, making them suitable for investigation and study.

Question 6

Research that is colloborative in nature should include consultation with relevant ______ to ensure your results speak to their interests, perspectives, and concerns.
A) stakeholders
B) participants
C) epistemic Guides
D) people

Accepted Answer

Collaborative research involves various stakeholders to ensure that the research outcomes are relevant and beneficial to those who have a vested interest in the project's results. Stakeholders can include anyone impacted by the research or who can impact the research project.

Question 7

The ______ involves articulating what you mean by the concept under scrutiny.
A) operational definition
B) nominal definition
C) normal defininition
D) epistemical definition

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ______ involves articulating what you mean...

Question 8

A(n) ______ definition is often linked to your theoretical stance and involves articulating what a concept means to the researcher.
A) operational
B) nominal
C) epistemic
D) dictionary

Accepted Answer

A nominal definition is one that is based on a researcher's specific perspective or theoretical stance, defining a concept in terms of what it means within the context of their study or argument.

Question 9

A(n) ______ definition is the way the researcher defines the variables of interest within the confines of the research study.
A) operational
B) nominal
C) epistemic
D) dictionary

Accepted Answer

An operational definition specifies how a concept will be measured or manipulated within a particular study, making it clear and understandable for research purposes.

Question 10

The link between the theoretical and the indicator or measure chosen to represent it is referred to as the______ relationship.
A) operational
B) nominal
C) epistemic
D) dictionary

Accepted Answer

An epistemic relationship refers to the connection between a theoretical concept and the indicator or measure used to represent it, focusing on the knowledge and understanding of that concept.

Question 11

______ researchers are more likely to begin with a variable of interest (e.g., liking), while ______ researchers are more likely to begin with a behavior they want to focus on and record specific instances of it occuring.
A) Deductive; inductive
B) Inductive; deductive
C) Deductive; epistemic
D) Abductive; deductive

Accepted Answer

Deductive researchers start with a theory or variable of interest and test hypotheses, while inductive researchers observe specific instances and develop broader generalizations.

Question 12

The ______ definition of anxiety is "feeling uneasy, apprehensive, and worried", and the______ definition of anxiety includes elevated heart rate and sweating palms.
A) operational; nominal
B) nominal; dictionary
C) epistemic; operational
D) nominal; operational

Accepted Answer

The nominal definition of a term refers to its dictionary or conceptual meaning, which in this case is "feeling uneasy, apprehensive, and worried". The operational definition specifies how something is measured or identified in practical terms, such as by an elevated heart rate and sweating palms for anxiety.

Question 13

A researcher wants to make sure that their measures of an attribute are reliable, they administer the measure to the same group of people on two successive occassions. What reliability strategy are they using?
A) test-retest reliability
B) divergent reliability
C) convergent reliability
D) inter-rater reliability

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability involves measuring the same individuals at two points in time to assess the consistency of the measure.

Question 14

A researcher wants to make sure that their procedures are reliable, they train another researcher on their classification system and have them make judgments on the same data. What reliability strategy are they using?
A) test-retest reliability
B) divergent reliability
C) convergent reliability
D) inter-rater reliability

Accepted Answer

Inter-rater reliability is used when multiple researchers or observers are involved in measuring or judging a study's data to ensure consistency across different raters' evaluations.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a form of validity mentioned in your text?
A) predictive validity
B) divergent validity
C) convergent validity
D) inter-rater validity

Accepted Answer

Inter-rater validity is not a form of validity mentioned in typical discussions of validity in research methodology texts. Instead, the term "inter-rater reliability" is used to describe the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon. Validity types commonly discussed include predictive, divergent, and convergent validity, which relate to how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Question 16

To demonstrate validity you should pick a relevent criterion which emodies the construct and show ______, meaning that the operationalizeation is related to the criterion.
A) test-retest validity
B) divergent validity
C) convergent validity
D) inter-rater validity

Accepted Answer

Convergent validity is the correct answer because it involves demonstrating that a test is related to other tests or measures that it theoretically should be related to. In the context of demonstrating validity by picking a relevant criterion that embodies the construct, showing convergent validity means showing that the operationalization is indeed related to the chosen criterion, as expected.

Question 17

To demonstrate validity you should pick a relevent criterion which emodies the construct and show ______, meaning that the operationalizeation is not related to other constructs you do not want to measure.
A) predictive validity
B) divergent validity
C) convergent validity
D) concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Divergent validity is shown when a measure does not correlate too highly with measures from which it is supposed to differ, indicating that the operationalization is not related to other constructs it is not intended to measure.

Question 18

______ is when the operationalization and the independent criterion are obtained at the same time.
A) Predictive validity
B) Divergent validity
C) Convergent validity
D) Concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Concurrent validity refers to the degree to which the operationalization correlates with other measures of the same construct that are measured at the same time.

Question 19

Standardized tests that administer the operational measure and observe the criterion at different times use what type of validity?
A) predictive validity
B) divergent validity
C) convergent validity
D) concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure. When the operational measure and the criterion are observed at different times, the validity that is being assessed is predictive validity, as it is testing the ability of the operational measure to predict future outcomes.

Question 20

The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) are commonly used to measure potential academic success in college and graduate school admissions what type of validity measure is this?
A) predictive validity
B) divergent validity
C) convergent validity
D) concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts future performance on some outcome measure. In the context of the SAT and GRE, these tests are designed to predict a student's potential academic success in college and graduate school, respectively, making predictive validity the correct type of validity measure for this scenario.

Quiz 3: Getting Specific: Whats the Plan

Which of the following is NOT a way to justify research and explain its potential contribution.

Which of the following is NOT a researchable question?

Which of the following is a researchable question?

Questions that are hard to research are:

______ questions are specific, limited in scope, related to some empirical reality, and should have specific evaluation criteria.

Research that is colloborative in nature should include consultation with relevant ______ to ensure your results speak to their interests, perspectives, and concerns.

The ______ involves articulating what you mean by the concept under scrutiny.

A(n) ______ definition is often linked to your theoretical stance and involves articulating what a concept means to the researcher.

A(n) ______ definition is the way the researcher defines the variables of interest within the confines of the research study.

The link between the theoretical and the indicator or measure chosen to represent it is referred to as the______ relationship.

researchers are more likely to begin with a variable of interest (e.g., liking) , while researchers are more likely to begin with a behavior they want to focus on and record specific instances of it occuring.

The definition of anxiety is "feeling uneasy, apprehensive, and worried", and the definition of anxiety includes elevated heart rate and sweating palms.

A researcher wants to make sure that their measures of an attribute are reliable, they administer the measure to the same group of people on two successive occassions. What reliability strategy are they using?

A researcher wants to make sure that their procedures are reliable, they train another researcher on their classification system and have them make judgments on the same data. What reliability strategy are they using?

Which of the following is NOT a form of validity mentioned in your text?

To demonstrate validity you should pick a relevent criterion which emodies the construct and show ______, meaning that the operationalizeation is related to the criterion.

To demonstrate validity you should pick a relevent criterion which emodies the construct and show ______, meaning that the operationalizeation is not related to other constructs you do not want to measure.

______ is when the operationalization and the independent criterion are obtained at the same time.

Standardized tests that administer the operational measure and observe the criterion at different times use what type of validity?

The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) are commonly used to measure potential academic success in college and graduate school admissions what type of validity measure is this?