Question 1

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, the newborn child's personality is all __________, and from birth the child finds that urges for self-gratification such as wanting to be held, fed, or changed are not going to be satisfied immediately.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the newborn child's personality is all id. The id is the primitive and instinctive part of the personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of basic needs and desires without concern for social norms or consequences.

Question 2

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, in the __________ stage, children understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action because they cannot engage in symbolic thought or use language.

Accepted Answer

In Piaget's theory, the sensorimotor stage is the first stage of cognitive development, which occurs from birth to approximately 2 years old. In this stage, children understand the world through sensory experiences and motor actions. They develop object permanence, the understanding that objects still exist even when they are out of sight, and begin to coordinate their senses and actions to explore the world around them. Language and symbolic thought develop later, in the preoperational stage.

Question 3

John and Nancy really would like to have a new sports utility vehicle now, but with the newborn baby they can't afford the monthly payments. After thinking about it, John says to Nancy, "I guess we'll have to wait until we have the money to buy it." According to psychologist Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which level is illustrated by this example?

Accepted Answer

John's statement reflects the ego level, which tries to balance the desires of the id and the moral and practical constraints of the superego. He recognizes the financial reality and understands the need to delay the gratification of their desire for a new SUV.

Question 4

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which relates to changes over time in how people think.

Accepted Answer

Piaget is known for his work on cognitive development, specifically the stages of development that children go through as they grow and learn. He believed that children's thinking processes change over time as they build upon their experiences and interact with the world around them.

Question 5

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Sally, in the __________ stage, says that the containers (even though they are different shapes) have the same amount of water.

Accepted Answer

In the concrete operational stage, children develop the ability to understand the concept of conservation, realizing that quantity does not change even when its shape does.

Question 6

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, in the __________ stage, children are limited in their ability to use logic to solve problems or to realize that physical objects may change in shape or appearance while still retaining their physical properties.

Accepted Answer

The preoperational stage, according to Piaget, occurs between the ages of 2 to 7 years old, where children's thinking is egocentric, and they have difficulty with conservation tasks and understanding abstract concepts.

Question 7

According to Sigmund Freud, the id remains with us throughout life in the form of

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Sigmund Freud, the id remains...

Question 8

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, the __________ is first expressed as the recognition of parental control and eventually matures as the child learns that parental control is a reflection of the values and moral demands of the larger society.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the superego is the component of personality that represents the internalization of parental and societal values, morals, and expectations. It first develops around age 5 as the child begins to recognize and internalize parental control, and then matures as the child gains a broader understanding that these values and expectations come from the larger society. The id, ego, and libido are other components of Freud's theory, but are not directly related to this developmental process.

Question 9

In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the __________ level, children's perceptions are based on punishment and obedience. Evil behavior is that which is likely to be punished; good behavior is based on obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.

Accepted Answer

This level is called the preconventional level in Kohlberg's theory, and it is characterized by a focus on obedience and avoiding punishment. Children at this level base their perceptions of good and bad behavior on the potential consequences of their actions.

Question 10

According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, in the __________ level, people are most concerned with how they are perceived by their peers and on how one conforms to rules.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory divides moral reasoning into three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In the conventional level, individuals are focused on social norms and conforming to the expectations of society and authority figures. They want to be seen as good members of their community and prioritize maintaining social order over their own desires or interests. Therefore, they are most concerned with how they are perceived by their peers and how they can adhere to rules and norms.

Question 11

Psychologist Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are organized around specific tasks that, when mastered, lead to the acquisition of new mental capacities, which then serve as the basis for the next level of development. Which of the following is the correct sequence Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's stages of cognitive development are organized in a specific order, starting with the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years old), followed by the preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7), then the concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11), and finally the formal operational stage (ages 11 and up). Therefore, the correct sequence is D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Question 12

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, toward the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget's preoperational stage, which occurs between the ages of 2 to 7 years old, is characterized by the use of words and mental symbols as well as the development of mental images.

Question 13

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, during the __________ stage, children think in terms of tangible objects and actual events. They can draw conclusions about the likely physical consequences of an action without always having to try the action out. Additionally, they begin to take the role of others and start to empathize with the viewpoints of others.

Accepted Answer

The stage described is the concrete operational stage, which occurs from ages 7 to 11 in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. In this stage, children become more logical and start to think more abstractly, but they still rely on concrete experiences and objects to understand the world around them. They also develop the ability to take the perspective of others and consider multiple viewpoints.

Question 14

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Bobby, still in the __________ stage, believed that the taller glass held more water because the water line was higher than in the shorter, wider glass.

Accepted Answer

The preoperational stage is characterized by egocentrism and the inability to understand conservation, which is the concept that a quantity remains the same even though its appearance changes. Bobby's belief that the taller glass held more water because of its appearance shows a lack of conservation understanding, which is typical of the preoperational stage.

Question 15

Psychologist Jean Piaget believed that in each stage of human development (from birth through adolescence), children's activities are governed by their __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, children's activities in each stage of human development are governed by their perception of the world around them. Piaget believed that children's cognitive development occurs as they actively seek to make sense of their environment and experiences. Therefore, their perception of the world around them plays a crucial role in their development.

Question 16

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the __________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action.

Accepted Answer

The formal operational stage, which typically begins around age 11 and lasts into adulthood, is characterized by the ability to engage in highly abstract thought, understand hypotheticals, and think critically about the future. This stage represents the highest level of cognitive development in Piaget's theory.

Question 17

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________, or conscience, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

Accepted Answer

The superego, or conscience, is the part of the personality that focuses on moral and ethical behavior. The id is the instinctual and impulsive part of the personality, while the ego mediates between the id and the external world. The libido refers to the energy associated with the sex drive.

Question 18

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of individuals.

Accepted Answer

The ego is the rational and reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of individuals. The id represents the innate, unconscious component of personality that seeks pleasure and gratification, while the superego represents the moral and ethical values instilled by society and family. Libido refers to the instinctual sexual drive.

Question 19

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg elaborated on Piaget's theories by conducting a series of studies in which children, adolescents, and adults were presented with a(n) __________ that took the form of stories.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg presented moral dilemmas in the form of stories to his participants in order to assess their moral reasoning and development. Therefore, the best choice is A, moral dilemma. The other options (B, ethical principle; C, philosophical problem; D, tautology) are not directly related to Kohlberg's research on moral development.

Question 20

When asking a child what they want to be when they grow up; a seven-year-old child might say a "teacher," but a twelve-year-old child might reply that they would like a job that helps others. In relation to psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, the seven-year-old child would be in the __________ stage. By contrast, the twelve-year-old child would be in the __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

The seven-year-old child who wants to be a teacher is likely in the concrete operational stage, where they begin to engage in more logical thinking and are able to consider multiple perspectives. The twelve-year-old child who wants a job that helps others is likely in the formal operational stage, where they are able to think abstractly and consider hypothetical situations.

Quiz 3: Socialization.