Question 1

Sociologist Emile Durkheim stated that as societies industrialized and developed more specialized economic activities, social solidarity came to be rooted in the members' shared dependence on one another.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true according to Emile Durkheim's theory of mechanical and organic solidarity. As societies become more complex and specialized, individuals in society become more interdependent on one another for the maintenance of the social structure, which leads to a greater sense of social solidarity.

Question 2

Sociologist Harold Garfinkel developed dramaturgy-the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

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Question 3

Sociologist Emile Durkheim coined the term organic solidarity to refer to the social cohesion found in industrial (and perhaps postindustrial) societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately represents Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity.

Question 4

Contributions made by Erving Goffman include impression management, face-saving, dramaturgical analysis, and master status.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

In Gemeinschaft societies such as the United States, a prevailing core value is that people should be able to take care of themselves. Thus many people view the homeless as "throwaways" - as beyond help or as having already had enough done for them by society.

Accepted Answer

The United States is generally considered a Gesellschaft society, characterized by individualism and self-reliance, rather than a Gemeinschaft society, which emphasizes community and collective well-being.

Question 6

Provide the definition of status and distinguish between ascribed status and achieved status.

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Question 7

Describe the processes of role distancing and role exiting.

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Question 8

People use role exiting techniques when they do not want others to take them as the "self" implied in a particular role, especially if they think the role is "beneath them."

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

A role is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. Role performance always matches role expectations.

Accepted Answer

Role performance may not always match role expectations due to various factors such as individual differences, situational factors, and role ambiguity.

Question 10

Facebook was originated by Facebook.

Accepted Answer

Facebook was originated by Mark Zuckerberg and his college roommates at Harvard University, not by a company named Facebook.

Question 11

Although all jobs place some burden on our feelings, emotional labor occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind (such as hope, desire, or fear) in others.

Accepted Answer

Emotional labor refers to the effort required to manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others in the workplace, especially in jobs that involve personal interactions with the public or the creation of an emotional state in others.

Question 12

Define roles, role expectations, role performance, role conflict, and role strain, and summarize their relationships.

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Question 13

Symbolic interaction theorists emphasize that social institutions exist because they perform five essential tasks: replacing members; teaching new members; producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services; preserving order; and providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the meanings and interpretations individuals give to social interactions, not on the functions of social institutions. The description aligns more with functionalist theory.

Question 14

Many women experience role strain in the labor force because they hold jobs that are "less satisfying and more stressful than men's jobs since they involve less money, less prestige, fewer job openings, and more career roadblocks."

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that women often face additional challenges in the workforce, including the gender pay gap, limited opportunities for advancement, and bias and discrimination. These factors can contribute to significant role strain for women in the labor force.

Question 15

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the definition of the situation, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly. This can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately describes the concept of definition of the situation and how it can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 16

Conflict theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the social construction of reality - the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the objective meaning that we give to an experience.

Accepted Answer

The statement describes social constructionism, not conflict theory. Conflict theorists focus on power dynamics and inequality, not primarily on the social construction of reality.

Question 17

A primary group is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. They include our family, close friends, and school or work related peer groups.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately reflects the definition of a primary group.

Question 18

The symbolic interactionist perspective uses the macrosociological approach to study the homeless. In doing so, it might analyze how social institutions have operated to produce current conditions.

Accepted Answer

The symbolic interactionist perspective is a microsociological approach that focuses on how individuals and groups create and interpret the meanings of their social interactions. It does not typically analyze social institutions at a macro level.

Question 19

State the definition of social structure and explain why it is important for individuals and society.

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Question 20

Erving Goffman was very interested in the area of impression management. He defined this as people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.

Accepted Answer

This is a correct statement. Erving Goffman was a sociologist who extensively discussed the concept of impression management in his theory of dramaturgy. He argued that individuals often display certain behaviors and attitudes to create a particular impression on others, and that they strategically adjust their self-presentation depending on the social context and audience.

Quiz 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life.