Question 1

Sociologist Joe Feagin referred to __________ as practices that have a harmful impact on subordinate group members even though the organizationally or community prescribed norms or regulations guiding these actions were initially established with no intent to harm.

Accepted Answer

Indirect institutionalized discrimination is when harmful practices occur within an organization or community, even if there was no initial intent to harm. This can occur through policies or norms that disadvantage subordinate groups, such as biased hiring practices or access to resources. Direct institutionalized discrimination involves intentional actions to harm subordinate groups, and isolated discrimination refers to individual acts of prejudice or discrimination. Small-group discrimination refers to discriminatory behavior within small groups or social circles.

Question 2

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant group member against a member of a subordinate group. This type of discrimination occurs without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context.

Accepted Answer

Isolate discrimination refers to harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant group member against a member of a subordinate group. This type of discrimination occurs without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context. Direct institutionalized discrimination involves policies and practices that intentionally discriminate, whereas indirect institutionalized discrimination involves policies and practices that have a discriminatory effect even if discrimination was not intended. Small-group discrimination refers to discrimination that occurs within small groups or cliques.

Question 3

According to the "prejudice causes discrimination" belief, how can we best reduce discrimination?

Accepted Answer

According to the "prejudice causes discrimination" belief, changing attitudes is the most effective way to reduce discrimination. This can be achieved through education and exposure to diversity, as well as addressing underlying biases and stereotypes. While equality laws and affirmative action programs can help address discriminatory practices, they may not necessarily address the root causes of prejudice and discrimination. Increasing people's learning skills may also have some impact, but it is not as direct or targeted as changing attitudes.

Question 4

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as harmful action intentionally taken by a limited number of dominant group members against members of subordinate groups. This type of discrimination is not supported by existing norms or other dominant group members in the immediate social or community context.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as harmful...

Question 5

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Isolate discrimination refers to the actions of an individual who discriminates based on personal prejudice, without the support or institutional backing of the system they are a part of. In this case, the judge acts on personal biases, not institutional policy or support.

Question 6

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

Accepted Answer

Individual discrimination refers to the actions of individuals that intentionally or unintentionally harm members of a subordinate group. This can include acts of violence, hate speech, vandalism, and other forms of harm to individuals or their property. It is distinct from institutional discrimination, which refers to discriminatory policies or practices within larger social institutions such as schools, workplaces, and governments.

Question 7

A bank might consistently deny loans to people of a certain race. This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Institutional discrimination refers to systemic practices and policies that result in unequal treatment of certain groups. In this case, the bank's policy of consistently denying loans to people of a certain race is an example of institutional discrimination. Marginal, uniform, and individual discrimination refer to isolated and individual instances of discrimination, and do not reflect systemic or institutional biases.

Question 8

In the __________ hypothesis, symbolic interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis is the idea that positive intergroup interactions occur when people from different groups come into contact with one another under certain conditions. Symbolic interactionists believe that favorable attitudes and behavior develop when contact is made in situations that are cooperative, supportive, and with equal status between both groups.

Question 9

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionists focus on the microlevel interactions between individuals and how those interactions shape their perceptions and attitudes towards different groups, including racial groups. They are interested in exploring how everyday interactions can lead to greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

Question 10

The contact hypotheses comes from which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis is a theoretical perspective that comes from the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology. This theory suggests that positive interactions between individuals from different social groups can reduce prejudice and increase understanding and acceptance.

Question 11

__________ focus on the macrolevel intergroup processes that occur between members of dominant and subordinate groups in society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ focus on the macrolevel intergroup processes...

Question 12

__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

Accepted Answer

Institutional discrimination refers to the policies and practices of organizations and institutions that systematically disadvantage certain groups. It may not be intentional, but can still have harmful effects. In contrast, individual discrimination refers to the actions of individuals that treat members of certain groups differently, while marginal discrimination refers to the unequal treatment of individuals at the margins of society. There is no concept of "uniform" discrimination.

Question 13

A small group of white students may deface a professor's office with racial epithets without the support of other students or faculty members. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, these students' behavior illustrates __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

The behavior of the small group of white students is an example of small-group discrimination, which occurs when a small group of individuals act on their prejudices and discriminate against others. It is not institutionalized discrimination, as it is not supported by the wider institution or society. It is also not isolate discrimination, as it involves more than one individual.

Question 14

Symbolic interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present. Which of the following is not one of these factors identified?

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionists have identified the following factors as important for developing favorable attitudes and behavior when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other: (1) members must have equal status, (2) members must cooperate with one another to achieve their goals, and (3) members must receive positive feedback when they interact with one another in positive, nondiscriminatory ways. Pursuing different goals may actually create further divisions and conflicts, rather than promoting positive attitudes and behavior.

Question 15

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________as organizationally prescribed or community prescribed action that intentionally has a differential and negative impact on members of subordinate groups. These actions are routinely carried out by a number of dominant group members based on the norms of the immediate organization or community.

Accepted Answer

Direct institutionalized discrimination refers to intentional actions that have a negative impact on members of subordinate groups, and these actions are carried out based on the norms of the organization or community. This type of discrimination is often perpetuated by those in positions of power or authority within the group.

Question 16

A person may decide not to rent an apartment to someone of a different race. This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Individual discrimination refers to discriminatory behavior by an individual towards another individual or group. In this case, the individual is choosing not to rent their apartment to someone based on their race.

Question 17

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when policies or practices that appear neutral on the surface have a discriminatory effect on a particular group, often without intentional bias. In this case, special education classes may unintentionally segregate students based on race, illustrating indirect institutionalized discrimination.

Question 18

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. This often involves giving up or compromising aspects of their own culture and adopting the cultural norms and values of the dominant group. Pluralism, on the other hand, is the coexistence of multiple cultures within a society without any one culture dominating the others. Participation refers to the involvement of individuals or groups in a given activity or organization, while colonialism is a system in which a dominant country or group exploits and controls a subordinate country or group for economic or political gain.

Question 19

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Direct institutionalized discrimination involves intentional policies or practices that actively exclude or limit certain groups. In this case, Denny's managers instructing employees to implement policies to limit African American patronage is an example of direct institutionalized discrimination.

Question 20

__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theorists focus on analyzing power struggles and economic inequalities between dominant and subordinate groups in society. They believe that society is characterized by conflict and competition rather than by consensus or cooperation. They argue that social order is maintained through the use of power and coercion, and that the dominant groups in society use their power to maintain their status and privilege at the expense of subordinate groups.

Quiz 9: Race and Ethnicity.