Question 1

During the selective _______ part of the perception process, Richard picks out cues from his cultural landscape, selectively choosing from incoming data.

Accepted Answer

During the attention part of the perception process, individuals selectively focus on certain stimuli in their environment while disregarding others. In this case, Richard is selectively choosing cues from his cultural landscape, indicating that he is in the attention stage.

Question 2

When we group our perceptions and label these groupings with a symbol or name, we partake in the process of human perception known as

Accepted Answer

This process is called selective organization and labeling, as we are organizing and categorizing our perceptions and labeling them with symbols or names. Selective attention refers to our ability to focus on certain stimuli while ignoring others, while selective interpretation refers to how we interpret and make meaning of our perceptions. Mindful stereotyping may not be an accurate term, as stereotyping often involves making assumptions based on limited information and can lead to harmful biases.

Question 3

Included in the interpretation step of the perception process is a move beyond "interpretation," in which individuals arrive at a(n)

Accepted Answer

The interpretation step of the perception process involves making sense of the sensory information received. Once this is done, individuals arrive at an evaluative judgment, which is their overall assessment of the situation or stimuli. Selective attention, organization, and labeling are all earlier steps in the perception process that lead up to the interpretation step.

Question 4

Considering the views and standards of our own ingroup as much more important than those of any outgroup is a description of

Accepted Answer

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to judge other cultures and groups based on the standards and values of one's own culture or group. This often leads to a bias towards one's own ingroup and a dismissal or devaluation of the outgroup's views and standards.

Question 5

As a minority group member, when Naomi interacts with members of the dominant ethnic group in her culture, she is asked insensitive questions and is spoken to very slowly. She is experiencing the degree of ethnocentrism called the distance of

Accepted Answer

Indifference refers to a subtle form of ethnocentrism where members of the dominant group may not be overtly hostile but still exhibit a lack of sensitivity or awareness, such as asking insensitive questions or speaking slowly.

Question 6

A person who tells racist jokes and uses hate-filled speech to denigrate members of other cultures has high ethnocentrism and behaves in a way reflective of the distance of

Accepted Answer

Disparagement refers to the act of belittling or disrespecting someone or something. In this context, the person's racist jokes and hate-filled speech reflect a negative attitude towards members of other cultures, denigrating them and showing a sense of superiority towards their own culture. This behavior is reflective of a high level of ethnocentrism, which is the tendency to view one's own cultural group as superior to others.

Question 7

Mai believes that all cultures are the same as her own superior culture and that all other cultural communities should follow her cultural norms and practices. According to the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS), Mai is in which state of ethnocentrism?

Accepted Answer

Mai's belief that all cultures should follow her own cultural norms and practices, viewing her culture as superior, aligns with the "Minimization of cultural difference" stage of the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS). This stage is characterized by the recognition of superficial cultural differences but the underlying belief in the universality of one's own cultural values and practices.

Question 8

According to the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity, in the "_______ of cultural difference" stage/state, individuals intentionally incorporate diverse cultural worldviews into their identity.

Accepted Answer

In the integration stage/state, individuals intentionally incorporate diverse cultural worldviews into their identity, developing a more complex and multifaceted understanding of cultural differences. This includes seeking out intercultural interactions and having a deep appreciation for diverse cultural perspectives.

Question 9

According to the stereotype content model, "perception of warmth" is based on if we perceive there is/are _______ between our country and another country.

Accepted Answer

The perception of warmth is based on whether there is competition or cooperation between our country and another country according to the stereotype content model. This means that if there is perceived cooperation between the two countries, then there is likely to be a warmer perception, while competition may lead to a colder perception. The other options are not directly related to the perception of warmth between countries.

Question 10

In _______ stereotyping, we assume that the categories we have been using are merely "first best guesses" rather than definitive answers.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions that in this type of stereotyping, we assume that the categories we have been using are merely "first best guesses" rather than definitive answers. This suggests that we need to be mindful or flexible in our thinking, and be open to the possibility that our initial assumptions may not be accurate.

Question 11

When we engage in _______ stereotyping, we use rigid categories to evaluate the behaviors of outgroup members.

Accepted Answer

Mindless stereotyping refers to the use of rigid categories to evaluate the behaviors of outgroup members, without giving thought to the individual's unique characteristics or circumstances. This type of stereotyping is automatic and unconscious, and tends to reinforce negative, prejudicial attitudes towards outgroups. Ethnorelative stereotyping, on the other hand, involves a more flexible and open-minded approach to evaluating individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Mindful stereotyping may involve a conscious effort to recognize and challenge one's own biases and assumptions about outgroups, and to instead focus on understanding the individual in their own right. Structural stereotyping refers to the ways in which society or institutions perpetuate discrimination and disadvantage towards certain groups, through implicit or explicit policies and practices.

Question 12

Which is not a characteristic of mindful stereotyping?

Accepted Answer

Premature closure is not a characteristic of mindful stereotyping. Premature closure refers to the tendency to prematurely conclude and categorize someone without fully understanding or researching them. Mindful stereotyping, on the other hand, involves information openness, loose interpretations, and a willingness to change categories as more information becomes available.

Question 13

Thom spends a lot of time with his fraternity brothers. The more time he spends with this ingroup, the greater the expectations of

Accepted Answer

The more time Thom spends with his fraternity brothers, the greater the expectations of conformity. This is because ingroups, like fraternities, often have strict norms and values that members are expected to follow in order to maintain group harmony and loyalty.

Question 14

Richard observes a study-abroad student throw her books down on the desk. He engages in _______ as he attempts to find a reason or explanation for why she behaved this way.

Accepted Answer

Richard is engaging in attribution, which refers to the process of trying to explain the causes of people's behavior. He is seeking to establish why the student acted the way she did, which is a core aspect of attribution theory.

Question 15

Samantha attributed her A on her exam to her natural intelligence and another student's A to his bribing the teacher. This demonstrates which attribution principle?

Accepted Answer

Samantha is demonstrating the favorable self-bias (attributing her success to internal, stable factors) and the other-derogation bias (attributing the other student's success to external, unstable factors).

Question 16

The fundamental attribution error includes the explanation that we tend to _______ negative personality factors in explaining a stranger's negative event and _______ situational factors.

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error describes our tendency to overestimate negative personality factors in explaining a stranger's negative event and underestimate situational factors.

Question 17

According to the text, when an outgroup member is fired from their job, we tend to use _______ attributions to explain this event.

Accepted Answer

When an outgroup member is fired from their job, we tend to use negative dispositional attributions to explain this event. This means we are more likely to attribute the cause to the individual's character or personality flaws rather than to situational factors.

Question 18

According to the text, "fundamental attribution error" refers to the idea of underestimating _______ factors and overestimating _______ factors in explaining outgroup members' undesirable events.

Accepted Answer

Fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of people to overemphasize dispositional (personality) explanations for other people's behavior and to underestimate the role of situational factors. In the context of outgroup members' undesirable events, people may attribute their behavior to characteristics of the group (dispositional) instead of considering situational factors that may have contributed to the event.

Question 19

_______ generally describe(s) an individual's feelings and predispositions toward outgroup members in a negative direction.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to negative feelings, attitudes, and beliefs about a particular group of people. It involves a predisposition to view members of an outgroup in a negative way, based solely on their group membership. The other options (B, C, and D) are not related to this concept.

Question 20

Much of Jay's prejudice toward a particular minority group in his culture involves seeing himself as a victim and blaming the minority group for taking all the jobs. This illustrates which theory or approach to prejudice?

Accepted Answer

The scapegoating theory suggests that prejudice arises from a need to blame a particular group for one's own frustration, and to provide a target for negative emotions. In this case, Jay is blaming the minority group for taking all the jobs, which may be a result of his own frustration or feelings of victimization.

Quiz 8: What Causes Us to Hold Biases Against Outgroups