Question 1

Which function of cultural values provides a frame of reference to answer the fundamental question, "Who am I?"

Accepted Answer

The identity meaning function of cultural values provides a frame of reference for individuals to understand and answer the fundamental question of "Who am I?" This function shapes a person's self-identity and provides a sense of belonging within a particular culture or community. The ingroup-outgroup evaluative function pertains to how individuals evaluate themselves and others based on their cultural identity, while the explanatory function relates to the cultural values used to explain and make sense of the world around us. The motivational function pertains to how cultural values influence behavior and motivation.

Question 2

_______ are groups with whom we feel no emotional ties, and at times we may experience great psychological distance from them and even feel competitive against them.

Accepted Answer

Outgroups are groups with whom we do not feel emotional ties and may even feel competitive against them.

Question 3

A culture that includes broad value tendencies of self-sufficiency and personal autonomy is a(n) _______culture.

Accepted Answer

An individualistic culture values personal autonomy and self-sufficiency, whereas a collectivist culture places greater emphasis on group harmony and interdependence. The other two options (C and D) are not directly related to the concept of individualism versus collectivism in culture.

Question 4

In Daphne's culture, ingroup harmony is important and cultural members tend to prioritize the needs of the ingroup over their own personal desires. Which type of culture is this describing?

Accepted Answer

The cultural emphasis on ingroup harmony and prioritizing the needs of the ingroup over individual desires is characteristic of collectivistic cultures, which tend to value communal goals, interdependence, and social harmony. In contrast, individualistic cultures tend to prioritize individual goals, autonomy, and personal achievement. Locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control their own outcomes, and is not directly related to cultural values.

Question 5

In _______ family situations, children may contradict their parents and speak their mind, whereas in _______ family situations, children are expected to obey and not contradict their parents.

Accepted Answer

The terms "large power distance" and "small power distance" specifically refer to the extent to which power and authority are centralized within a family or society. In families with a large power distance, parents are seen as the ultimate authority and children are expected to obey without question. In families with a small power distance, there is more of an emphasis on equality and communication, and children may be more free to express their opinions and contradict their parents. The other answer choices are not relevant to this concept.

Question 6

_______ refers to the extent to which members of a culture do not mind conflicts or uncertain situations and the extent to which they try to avoid those uncertain situations.

Accepted Answer

Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a culture are comfortable with ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk. Some cultures prioritize stability and structure, avoiding uncertainty whenever possible, while others accept change and uncertainty more readily. This dimension is one of the five in Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory.

Question 7

You look forward to working in an organization that emphasizes risk-taking and encourages open discussions about conflict issues; you want to work for a workplace that values the _______ value dimension.

Accepted Answer

A weak uncertainty avoidance culture values risk-taking and is comfortable with ambiguity and conflict. A feminine culture values collaboration and open communication, but it is not directly related to risk-taking or uncertainty avoidance. Large power distance and strong uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to discourage risk-taking and may avoid conflict discussions.

Question 8

You're interested in working for an overseas company that values female and male employees equally. You should definitely make sure that the company holds the "_______" value spectrum.

Accepted Answer

The "feminine" value spectrum typically emphasizes caring for others and quality of life, which aligns with valuing female and male employees equally, in contrast to the "masculine" spectrum that might prioritize competition and achievement.

Question 9

An _______ construal of self involves an emphasis on the importance of fitting in with relevant others and ingroup connectedness.

Accepted Answer

An interdependent construal of self is characterized by a focus on social harmony and connections with others, including ingroup members. The emphasis is on interdependence and fitting in with relevant others, as opposed to independence and standing out as an individual, which is characteristic of an individualistic construal of self (A). Internal (C) does not describe an overarching concept of self-construals, but rather refers to the locus of control individuals feel they have over their lives.

Question 10

Siv tends to view herself as distinct and unique from others, and she values personal achievement, self-direction, and competition. Siv is operating from an _______ construal of self.

Accepted Answer

Siv's emphasis on personal achievement and self-direction suggests that she is operating from an independent construal of self, which values individualism and autonomy.

Question 11

Despite your young age of 24, you've worked hard to get to a top management position. You believe you deserve some formal respect and recognition from your subordinates. Your personality style emphasizes a _______ self-tendency.

Accepted Answer

A vertical self-tendency emphasizes hierarchy and the importance of formal respect and recognition. Someone who values this self-tendency would prioritize clear lines of authority and may be uncomfortable with horizontal power structures or egalitarian management styles.

Question 12

Raj heard a rumor that the company he works for may be downsizing. Rather than waiting to find out, he responds to this uncertainty by actively seeking information from his upper-management supervisor. What personality type of individual is he?

Accepted Answer

Raj's proactive approach to seeking information in the face of uncertainty indicates that he is an uncertainty-oriented type. Individuals with this personality type are more likely to seek out new information and experiences, especially when faced with uncertain situations, to reduce their uncertainty.

Question 13

In Sven's culture, people are expected to strongly adhere to cultural expectations and norms. Sven's culture would be described as a "_______" social system.

Accepted Answer

A "tight" social system refers to a culture where there is a strong emphasis on conformity to cultural norms and a low tolerance for deviant behavior. Sven's culture values this conformity, indicating it is a tight social system.

Question 14

Aliyah has joined an ethnic activist group to fight against adversity and to combat racism. What "meaning" activity value orientation does Aliyah endorse?

Accepted Answer

Aliyah's involvement in an activist group to address and solve societal issues aligns with the "Doing" solution, which emphasizes taking action and making changes to improve situations.

Question 15

Your morning rituals include meditation, doing yoga, and taking time to arrive at a "stillness" state. All these spiritual activities illustrate your _______ core value system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your morning rituals include meditation, doing yoga,...

Question 16

A _______ value orientation means emphasizing tangible outcome-focused achievement activities; whereas a _______ value orientation means you're more concerned with tending to relationship priority and interpersonal connection issues.

Accepted Answer

The first value orientation described emphasizes achieving tangible outcomes, which is represented by the "doing" orientation. The second value orientation is more focused on relationships and connections, which is represented by the "being" orientation.

Question 17

Mayor Denton's reaction to a flood in her small town in Georgia is to call for a town meeting at which she assigns various townspeople to jobs, such as reinforcing the dam and cleaning up debris. What destiny value orientation is Mayor Denton endorsing?

Accepted Answer

Mayor Denton's reaction to the flood emphasizes taking action to control and mitigate the situation, rather than simply accepting it as an uncontrollable force of nature. This aligns with the destiny value orientation of controlling their environment.

Question 18

The Haitian village members in a rural area believe that an earthquake is a powerful force beyond human control and that they have to bow down and accept their fate. They subscribe to a strong _______ value orientation.

Accepted Answer

The villagers believing that they have to bow down and accept their fate due to a powerful force beyond human control reflects a subjugation-to-nature value orientation. They perceive nature as superior to human beings and believe in adapting to its demands rather than controlling or challenging them.

Question 19

In trying to motivate his team to perform well, a coach says, "It's your responsibility to choose to work hard. You have to want to do well for yourself, not for others." This coach has which value orientation?

Accepted Answer

The coach's statement reflects an internal locus of control, as he is emphasizing the players' personal responsibility and agency in choosing to work hard and perform well, rather than relying on external factors or others to motivate them. The other options (B, C, D) are not relevant or adequately supported by the given information.

Question 20

You're waiting for "fate" or "destiny" to guide you to find your true soulmate in life; your personality style reflects _______ locus of control tendency.

Accepted Answer

An external locus of control tendency means that individuals believe external factors such as luck, fate, or other people, have a greater influence on events in their lives rather than their own actions or decisions. Therefore, waiting for "fate" or "destiny" to guide you to find your soulmate reflects an external locus of control tendency.

Quiz 3: What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns