Question 1

What is the smallest self-contained structure in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The smallest self-contained structure in the human body is the cell. The cell varies in size, shape, and surface, depending on specialization. The cell is contained within a membrane that additionally contains cytoplasm, organelles, inclusions, and the nucleus.

Question 2

What type of tissue is tightly-packed collagen fibers?

Accepted Answer

Dense connective tissue is tightly packed collagen fibers. The main function is to resist tension. It is located throughout the body to include the gingiva. Loose connective tissue contains collagen and reticulin fibers that extend in all directions of the body. The main function is to provide biologic support and fill spaces between organs and tissues.

Question 3

What type of tissue may become a tendon or an aponeurosis?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue may become a tendon or an aponeurosis. Connective tissue has three components. Endomysium is delicate connective tissue membrane that covers specialized skeletal muscle fibers. Perimysium is tough connective tissue that binds together fascicles. Epimysium is a coarse sheath that covers the entire muscle.

Question 4

What are the three layers of connective tissue coverings that surround the spinal cord and brain?

Accepted Answer

Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue coverings that surround the spinal cord and brain. The outermost layer is dura mater. Arachnoid is the middle layer, composed of collagen and elastic fibers. The pia mater is the inner layer that is composed of collagen and elastic fibers that adhere to the surface of the spinal cord and brain.

Question 5

What type of tissue contains collagen and reticulin fibers?

Accepted Answer

Loose connective tissue contains collagen and reticulin fibers that extend in all directions of the body. The main function is to provide biologic support and fill spaces between organs and tissues. Dense connective tissue is tightly packed collagen fibers. The main function is to resist tension. It is located throughout the body to include the gingiva.

Question 6

How many components are in connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

There are three components to connective tissue. Cells of chondroblasts and chondrocytes are one component. The second component contains type II collagen fibers that make up the fibrous matrix. The third component is ground substance, which allows tissue to assume a gelatinous nature that can resist compression.

Question 7

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline is the most abundant type of cartilage. It is found in the adult human. It covers the articular surfaces of movable long bones and forms the skeletal support parts of the trachea, larynx, external ear, nasal septum, and rib ends.

Question 8

What constitutes the framework of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Osteons constitutes the framework of compact bone. The osteons surround canals that run lengthwise through bone that are connected by the transverse Volkmann's canals and permits delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products.

Question 9

What adds to the overall strength and resilience of bone?

Accepted Answer

Organic matrix adds to the overall strength and resilience of bone. The organic matrix is composed of a ground substance that is collagenous fibers and an amorphous mixture of protein and polysaccharides that are secreted by connective tissue cells.

Question 10

What is the term for attempting to regenerate body tissue?

Accepted Answer

Tissue engineering is the term for attempting to regenerate body tissue. The tissue engineering can be done in the laboratory or in the patient. The tissue can be created through the manipulation of cellular materials, biological mediators, and synthetic matrices.

Question 11

What do the terms "signals" and "scaffolds" refer to?

Accepted Answer

The terms "signals" and "scaffolds" refer to tissue engineering. Signals are any physical, chemical, or biological mediators that initiate or propagate cellular development into fully organized tissue. Scaffolds are any extracellular matrix structure that provides a foundation for cells to become attached, organized, and proliferated to generate tissue.

Question 12

What is the hallmark of chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

The hallmark of chronic inflammation is tissue destruction. Chronic inflammation is caused by persistent infections and prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents. It can also be caused by autoimmunity dysfunction.

Question 13

What does the inferior and superior alveolar artery supply blood to?

Accepted Answer

The inferior and superior alveolar artery supply blood to the periodontium. From the apical aspect of the periodontium, there are three arterial branch courses: through the periodontal ligament, through the alveolar bone, and along the surface of the periodontium.

Question 14

What nerve carries sensations from the ear and the scalp?

Accepted Answer

The auriculotemporal nerve carries sensations from the ear and the scalp. From cranial nerve IX, postganglionic parasympathetic fibers pass through an innervated parotid salivary gland to create sensations.

Question 15

Which nerve is a motor nerve?

Accepted Answer

The mylohyoid nerve is a motor nerve that supplies the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastrics muscle. It joins the inferior alveolar nerve that enters the foramen ovale.

Question 16

Which endocrine gland is the largest?

Accepted Answer

The thyroid is the largest endocrine gland. It is located in the neck area and consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx. The gland secretes the hormone thyroxine, which stabilizes the metabolism for the entire body.

Question 17

What is it called when a solid enters a cell?

Accepted Answer

When a solid enters a cell, it is called phagocytosis. The cell wall surrounds the particle, pinches off from the rest of the membrane, and floats inward. Pinocytosis is the surrounding of liquid by the cell wall.

Question 18

What regulates most cells to stimulate physiologic activity?

Accepted Answer

Hormones regulate most cells to stimulate a physiologic activity. Tropic hormones stimulate endocrine growth and secretion. Sex hormones target reproductive tissues. Anabolic hormones stimulate anabolism and target cells.

Question 19

What is somatotropin also known as?

Accepted Answer

Somatotropin is also known as growth hormone. The hormone promotes the growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues by accelerating amino acid transport into the cells. By mobilizing lipids from storage in adipose cells, it stimulates fat metabolism. The hormone also functions as an insulin antagonist and shifts glucose catabolism toward lipid catabolism as an energy source.

Question 20

What gland releases tears?

Accepted Answer

The lacrimal gland releases tears or lacrimal fluid. It is located in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bones. The gland drains into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity and is innervated by cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve.

Quiz 3: Scientific Basis for Dental Hygiene