Question 1

Abscesses are mainly:

Accepted Answer

Abscesses are mainly anaerobic in nature. At the onset, the infection is virulent aerobic bacteria. It then progresses to mixed aerobic and anaerobic infection. Once the progression stage reaches that of abscess, the aerobic bacteria give way to anaerobic bacteria.

Question 2

What bacteria increase in numbers when a diet is high in sugar?

Accepted Answer

Lactobacilli increase in numbers when a diet is high in sugar. Carious lesions act as retention sites. The bacteria is strongly acidogenic and aciduric and causes progression of caries.

Question 3

What is the earliest dental plaque organism found when attempting early diagnoses?

Accepted Answer

The earliest dental plaque organism found is Streptococcus sanguiswhen attempting early diagnoses. Orally, Streptococcus sanguis prevents other strands of cavity causing Streptococcus from enamel attachment. However, during oral surgery or dental cleaning, it can enter the bloodstream, where it can live in heart valves, leading to endocarditis. Antibiotics are prescribed several days pre- and post- surgery to prevent endocarditis. Streptococcus sanguis is rarely in the saliva or the throat.

Question 4

At the root surface of caries, what is the most common cariogenic bacterium?

Accepted Answer

At the root surface of caries the most common cariogenic bacteria is Actinomycesviscus. It is often partnered with bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Veillonella, and Lactobacilli. Often, the infection is accompanied by low fever, soft nodules that harden over time in the angle of the jaw, and chewing difficulties. The bacteria may also be found in thorax, pelvis, and abdomen.

Question 5

What can vasoconstrictors produce?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstrictors can produce thyroid storms. Thyroid storms are characterized by an acceleration of all body processes. Pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure can occur if not immediately cared for. Vasoconstrictors are contraindicated in clients with uncontrolled cardiovascular disease.

Question 6

What does drug ionization affect?

Accepted Answer

Drug ionization affects absorption. The more ionized a drug, the less it will be absorbed. Conversely, the less ionized the drug, the more it will be absorbed.

Question 7

What does lipid solubility affect?

Accepted Answer

Lipid solubility affects absorption. The more lipid-soluble the drug, the more readily it will be absorbed. Conversely, the less lipid-soluble a drug is, the less readily it will be absorbed.

Question 8

What adverse reaction can barbiturates cause?

Accepted Answer

The use of barbiturates can cause CNS depression. Patients can suffer drowsiness and impaired performance and judgment. Patient should avoid driving or operating heavy machinery. Barbiturates are contraindicated in those with porphyria and stimulated liver microsomal enzymes.

Question 9

What drug type reduces the blood's ability to clot?

Accepted Answer

Anticoagulants reduces the ability for blood to clot. The drug category has a latent onset that can be as long as a week. Additionally, time is required for the required effects to subside after discontinuing treatment.

Question 10

What drug works by inhibiting adenosine diphosphate?

Accepted Answer

Clopiddogrel works by inhibiting adenosine diphosphate by inducing platelet aggregation, which results in prolonged bleeding time. It is indicated for patients with a recent history of MI or stroke, established peripheral artery disease, or coronary artery syndrome.

Question 11

What can all types of vasoconstrictors be referred to as?

Accepted Answer

All types of vasoconstrictors can be referred to as adrenergic drugs. Adrenergic drugs are capable of producing the same effects as adrenaline. Vasoconstrictors can be produced synthetically; however, epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers.

Question 12

What condition is caused by the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, dysmorphic facial features, and central nervous system dysfunction characterize the syndrome. Incidences of the syndrome are 1 on 100 live births.

Question 13

The physiological need for a drug during rapid withdrawal and negative physical symptoms following dosage reduction is:

Accepted Answer

The physiological need for a drug during rapid withdrawal and negative physical symptoms following dosage reduction is physical dependency. Note that drug abuse implies that there is intent to use a drug for purposes other than its indicated use. Drug dependency can be due to drug abuse or a natural occurrence from constant exposure.

Quiz 3: Scientific Basis for Dental Hygiene