Question 1

The structural destruction of enamel is caused by:

Accepted Answer

The structural destruction of enamel is caused by lowered pH that induces demineralization from physiochemical progression or acidogenic.

Question 2

What is the main immediate source of energy for the body?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is the main immediate source of energy for the body. Most healthy persons maintain a blood glucose level of 70 to 12 mg/100mL. Dietary carbohydrates, glycogenolysis, glyconeogenesis, glucogenic amino acids, and the glycerol portions of lipids are sources for blood glucose.

Question 3

Where does bacterial "fermentation" take place?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial "fermentation" takes place in the large intestines of some undigested carbohydrates. There is no significant contribution to these absorbable carbohydrates. They are thought to be the cause of gas production and bloating during primary or secondary disaccharide deficiency.

Question 4

What is the long-term storage form of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Lipogenesis is what happens when excess carbohydrates are converted to fat for storage in the adipose tissue as a long-term energy source. Glycogenesis is the short-term storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles from 6 to 18 hours.

Question 5

What is not broken down by human digestive enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Fiber is not broken down by human digestive enzymes. Fiber is usually a non-starch polysaccharide found in plants. Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract digest some fibers. There are two types of fiber: insoluble and soluble.

Question 6

What reduces contact with possible carcinogens?

Accepted Answer

Insoluble fiber reduces contact with possible carcinogens by decreasing transit time through the colon. Foods high in insoluble fiber include wheat bran, raw fruits, and vegetables.

Question 7

What lowers blood cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Soluble fiber lowers blood cholesterol, regulates the use of sugars, and slows down gastric emptying. This fiber type dissolves to become gummy or viscous in the system. Foods high in soluble fiber include legumes, raw apples, and whole oats.

Question 8

What is an energy source for the growth and development of teeth, as well as for oral cariogenic bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are an energy source for the growth and development of teeth, as well as for oral cariogenic bacteria. The organic acids produced by acidogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans are liberated into the interface between the bacterial plaque and surface enamel. If the pH of acid falls below 5.5, decalcification and demineralization begins.

Question 9

What is made up of amino acid building blocks linked through peptide bonds?

Accepted Answer

Protein is made up of amino acid building blocks linked through peptide bonds. Simple proteins contain amino acids only. Compound proteins contain simple proteins and a non-protein group. Twenty essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by humans and must be provided in the diet in sufficient amounts to meet needs.

Question 10

What is insoluble in water, soluble in fatty substances, and soluble in organic solvents?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are insoluble in water, soluble in fatty substances, and soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of phosphorus.

Question 11

What forms diglycerides and monoglycerides from lipids?

Accepted Answer

The pancreas forms diglycerides and monoglycerides from lipids by hydrolyzing fatty acids from triglycerides. Salts of the gallbladder emulsify fats before digestion. The intestinal mucosa converts lecithin to fatty acids, monoglycerides, phosphate, and choline.

Question 12

At what age is tooth calcification completed?

Accepted Answer

Tooth calcification is completed at the age of 13. Nutrients are important to tooth development and calcification. Nutrients are used systemically for enamel, dentin, and pulp formation.

Question 13

What entity has no relationship with periodontal disease?

Accepted Answer

Lipids have no relationship with periodontal disease. The oils in fats provide a coating on the tooth's surfaces and prevent retention of food particles. The oils also provide a fatty protective layer over plaque that prevents fermentable sugars from entering bacterial plaque biofilm or acids from leaving bacterial plaque biofilm.

Question 14

What vitamin deficiency can manifest as a cleft lip?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A deficiency can manifest as a cleft lip. The deficiency can also manifest as ameloblasts atrophy, faulty bone, tooth formation, hypoplasia, xerostomia, and decreased taste sensitivity. Vitamin A maintains epithelial tissue involved in bone growth and remodeling.

Question 15

What vitamin deficiency can manifest as a loss of alveolar and mandibular bone?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency can manifest as a loss of alveolar and mandibular bone. Additionally, the deficiency can cause delayed dentition, increase caries rate, loss of lamina dura around roots of the tooth, and a failure of bones to heal. Vitamin D promotes growth and mineralization of bones and teeth.

Question 16

What mineral deficiency can manifest as incomplete calcification of teeth?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorus deficiency can manifest as incomplete calcification of teeth. Additionally, it can increase susceptibility to caries during tooth development and periodontal disease. Phosphorus promotes bone and tooth formation.

Question 17

What aids in the remineralization of small enamel lesions?

Accepted Answer

Fluoride aids in the remineralization of small enamel lesions. Fluoride, specific minerals, combinations of minerals, and fats have local cariostatic properties during post-eruption.

Question 18

What type of food stimulates the salivary flow rate?

Accepted Answer

Firm textured foods, such as carrots, stimulate the salivary flow rate and modify the concentration of constituents in saliva. Firm foods also improve antibacterial properties and have a buffering capacity to neutralize decalcifying acids.

Question 19

There are two types of secondary chemical bonds. What are they?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces are the two types of secondary chemical bonds. Hydrogen bonding is found in most water-based liquids. It is when hydrogen is attracted to an electronegative element. Van der Waals forces are found in dental composites and acrylics. It is the dispersion of forces caused by fluctuating dipoles.

Question 20

What mineral deficiency can manifest as an increased risk of hemorrhage?

Accepted Answer

Calcium deficiency can manifest as an increased risk of hemorrhage. Additionally, the deficiency can increase susceptibility to caries and periodontal disease, and causes incomplete calcification of teeth. Calcium promotes bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction.

Quiz 3: Scientific Basis for Dental Hygiene