Question 1

__________ is an example of an automatic thought.

Accepted Answer

Cognitions are classified into four levels: automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, core beliefs, and schemas. Automatic thoughts are the instant, initial thoughts that arise in one's mind in response to a situation or interaction. "She hates me" is an example of an automatic thought. "I am insignificant," and "I am stupid" are examples of core beliefs, which exemplify one's core beliefs, values, and self-perceptions.

Question 2

An example of negative punishment, according to operant conditioning is__________ .

Accepted Answer

Key concepts in operant conditioning are positive and negative reinforcement, and positive and negative punishment. While both C and D have the same outcome (student skips school less often), getting reprimanded is an example of positive punishment, as something unpleasant is presented following the behavior. Not allowing the student to go on the field trip is an example of negative punishment, as it takes away something pleasant following the behavior.

Question 3

One way to move away from an age-segregated society, and towards an age-integrated society is to __________ .

Accepted Answer

Achieving an age-integrated society stems from age integration theory, which explores ways to move away from an age-stratified, or age-segregated society. One way to do this is through restructuring work prospects, and opportunities to be inclusive to more than one age bracket. The benefit of age integration is seen most heavily among retirees, older women (in terms of financial security), and ethnic minorities.

Question 4

The general goal of Industrial/ Organizational psychology is to study and explore, and better understand __________ in the __________ .

Accepted Answer

The global goal of I/ O psychology is to investigate, and study human behavior in the workplace. This is done to increase productivity, and assist in the development of better, more efficient tools for the workplace.

Question 5

Sigmund Freud put forth numerous theories, and several of his ideas have received much criticism, and garnered controversy. Freud's theory on __________ is a one that gained disapproval from many.

Accepted Answer

During the time it was conceived, Freud's theory on death was extremely controversial, and created much debate. Freud believed people had a drive towards death, which revealed itself through an unconscious desire to destroy oneself.

Question 6

Diversity training for counselors is essential to providing effective therapy. Diversity training is necessary in which areas besides working with clients of a different racial or ethnic background. Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Although training around different racial and ethnic backgrounds is the more obvious part of diversity training, age, sexual orientation, and economic class are just as important. Some skills learned in diversity training are varied communication styles, basic needs identification, and understanding chronological versus psychological age.

Question 7

One reason conformity occurs within a group is __________ .

Accepted Answer

Conformity pertains to the act of doing what is "popular," or going along with the group. Correction is a major factor in why conformity occurs, and describes the human desire to make accurate judgments to be accepted. Thus, correction happens through being influenced by social pressures, to help in the decision-making process.

Question 8

In-group favoritism can be expressed in numerous ways. Choose all that apply:

Accepted Answer

Increasing affinity for one's own in-group causes in-group favoritism. Evaluation of others (the out-group) in a negative way, and utilizing resources solely for one's own in-group are ways this favoritism is conveyed.

Question 9

Support groups are beneficial as participants are able to see others improve, creating a sense of hope. Also helpful is the recognition that others have similar problems. How could someone seek out a support group?

Accepted Answer

There are numerous ways to identify a support group. Asking for a referral from a primary care physician, or other health profession, doing an online search, or reaching out to an organization affiliated with the condition or struggle are all effective, and viable options.

Question 10

How is group polarization defined? Choose all that apply:

Accepted Answer

Group polarization is a significant weakness that affects the decision-making process within a group. Group polarization is considered a weakness, as it facilitates groups making more extreme, and risky decisions, than would be made individually.

Question 11

How many members would experts agree upon are needed to make an effective group geared towards adults?

Accepted Answer

Eight members would be considered the ideal size for a group for adults; a teen group might be a few members smaller; eight members is large enough to run an effective group, and allow members to communicate struggles, and express themselves, without having to break into subgroups (as will typically happen in larger groups).

Question 12

What are the benefits of a peer-to-peer support group?

Accepted Answer

Peer-to-peer support groups are sometimes referred to as self-help groups; participants are all usually dealing with the same struggle or issue, therefore the group itself becomes a safe place where participants can feel open; peer-to-peer support groups also tend to encourage and empower participants as they view others making progress; these groups are inexpensive to run, as there are not many costs involved, and often the space needed to hold the group is donated.

Question 13

People dealing with grief, and loss of a __________ could benefit from group counseling for grief.

Accepted Answer

People deal with grief associated with a variety of different kinds of losses; these include, but are not limited to death of a loved one or a friend, loss of a pet, serious illness, moving, changing jobs, or loss of a relationship.

Question 14

Everyone deals with grief and loss differently. Special loss support groups provide support for specific losses, such as a parent or child, and are often differentiated by distinct age groups, like children, adolescents, and young adults. Other characteristics of a client in a special loss group that need to be considered are __________ . Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Special loss support groups are aimed at helping individuals deal with a specific loss (such as a child, parent, or spouse), and the associated grief. Yet due to the particular needs of those grieving, it is important for the counselor to explore a variety of factors such as the client's developmental level (in terms of cognitive ability to comprehend the death), and gender (as males and females tend to grieve, and display grief differently).

Question 15

In what way are peer-led groups (also called peer-to-peer groups) more advantageous to the clients than groups led by a trained clinician?

Accepted Answer

Because group leaders in peer-to-peer groups have experienced, first-hand, what the clients are experiencing, they are better able to relate to the clients, which in turn encourages more openness.

Question 16

Group work is advantageous for many reasons, and can be a positive experience for those struggling with a wide range of issues. __________ is one advantage of participation in group work. Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Modeling naturally occurs in group therapy, as participants are able to see how others deal with problems that parallel their own. Through observing others behavior, and thus, experiencing modeling within the group, participants are able to add new, healthier approaches, and coping skills to old behaviors.

Question 17

How is the "hot seat," technique (which is used to increase self-awareness and coined by Fritz Perls) technique carried out?

Accepted Answer

The hot seat technique, sometimes called the rapid- fire technique, is where a chair is put in the middle of the group. This is where the group member, who volunteers to work, will sit. He or she becomes the focus of the groups' attention; the other group members serve as "witnesses," making the work done within that session even more powerful.

Question 18

In the Gestalt group technique, making the rounds, the individual in the "hot seat" goes around the group, and says something to each group member. The purpose of making the rounds is __________ . Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Making the rounds is an effective approach for many group members, as it has numerous uses including allowing group participants to disclose new information, to confront one another about an issue or triggering situation, or to practice new behavior, and communication styles.

Question 19

One way Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy is effective in a group setting is that the ABC's (an REBT approach) of participant problems are easily exhibited. What does the acronym ABC stand for when pertaining to Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy?

Accepted Answer

The ABC's of REBT stand for the activating event, the irrational belief, and the consequences of holding that belief. The acronym continues from ABC, to D & E, which stand for disputing the irrational belief, and implementing effective new thinking.

Question 20

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) emphasizes the client take responsibility for his or her own actions, and emotions. If you, the REBT therapist, has a client who states, "He made me so angry", you might encourage your client to rephrase that to say __________ .

Accepted Answer

REBT highlights the idea that the client is responsible for his or her own emotions and actions, and that he or she must take accountability for their personal distress. Changing the phrase from "He made me so angry" to "I feel angry about his actions" helps the client first take note of the other person's behavior, and then acknowledge their personal response to that behavior.

Quiz 3: Counseling and Psychotherapy