Question 1

Infants first communicate their emotions by ______.

Accepted Answer

Infants first communicate their emotions by crying.

Question 2

Symbolic gestures,such as blowing to mean hot,or sniffing to mean flower,emerge __________ babies say their first words.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Symbolic gestures,such as blowing to mean hot,or...

Question 3

A baby who says "da-da-da-da" is

Accepted Answer

The baby is babbling, which is a prelinguistic stage of language development where infants repeat sounds and syllables without making meaningful words or sentences.

Question 4

The basic sounds of an infant's native language are called

Accepted Answer

The basic sounds of an infant's native language are called phonemes. Graphemes are the written representation of sounds, phonetics is the study of speech sounds, and morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in language.

Question 5

Implicit memory seems to develop ________ explicit memory.

Accepted Answer

Studies have suggested that implicit memory develops earlier than explicit memory. Implicit memory, which involves unconscious memories such as procedural skill and priming, begins to develop in infancy. On the other hand, explicit memory, which involves conscious memories such as facts and events, develops later on in childhood.

Question 6

The concept of guided participation was inspired by the theory of the zone of proximal development,which was postulated by

Accepted Answer

Guided participation was inspired by the theory of the zone of proximal development, which was postulated by Lev Vygotsky. Piaget proposed the theory of cognitive development, Bronfenbrenner proposed the ecological systems theory, and Chomsky proposed the theory of universal grammar.

Question 7

Prelinguistic speech communicates

Accepted Answer

Prelinguistic speech refers to the communication a baby engages in before they have begun to acquire language. This includes cooing, babbling, and other vocalizations that convey emotions such as happiness, discomfort, or distress. While prelinguistic speech may involve some symbolic communication, infants at this stage are not yet able to convey specific ideas or words through language.

Question 8

Rachel hears her father say "ouch!" when he accidentally hits his hand with a hammer.For the next several hours,Rachel deliberately tries to imitate the sound of the word ouch.According to the text,approximately how old is Rachel?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rachel hears her father say "ouch!" when...

Question 9

Many aspects of cognition are believed to be under the control of or located in which area of the brain?

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is involved in many aspects of cognition, such as decision making, working memory, and attention.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a long-term memory system mentioned in the textbook?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 11

According to research cited in the text,when do babies become able to distinguish different speech sounds such as mother speaking two langauges?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that babies can begin to distinguish different speech sounds before birth, as they are able to hear and recognize the rhythm and intonation of their mother's voice and the languages she speaks while still in the womb.

Question 12

Predictions about an infant's intelligence appear to be related to how infants process information but this information does not take into account the

Accepted Answer

The physical health of the infant, the genetic background of the parents, and the education of the infant's parents are all major factors in determining an infant's intelligence. Predictions based solely on how infants process information are not comprehensive enough to accurately assess an infant's potential intelligence.

Question 13

Ten-month-old Nathan has just been told goodbye by his grandparents who are now leaving in their car.Nathan waves bye-bye to them with his left arm.Nathan's attempt to communicate with his grandparents is called a

Accepted Answer

Conventional social gestures are nonverbal behaviors used to communicate socially, such as waving goodbye. Nathan's wave to his grandparents falls under this category because he is using a common gesture to acknowledge their departure.

Question 14

Some researchers propose that infants may be born with or acquire very early reasoning abilities that help them make sense of the information they encounter.These abilities are called

Accepted Answer

The term "innate learning mechanisms" suggests that these abilities are present from birth and do not require much external input. This aligns with the idea that infants may have inherent reasoning abilities that allow them to make sense of the world around them.

Question 15

Babbling,cooing,and crying are known as

Accepted Answer

Babbling, cooing, and crying are examples of prelinguistic speech, which is the communication that occurs before the emergence of true words and grammar. This stage of development is important for laying the foundation for later language skills. Motherese is a term used to describe the exaggerated and simplified way that adults often communicate with infants, while linguistic speech refers to the use of true language with words and grammar. Nonsymbolic speech does not convey meaning and is not relevant to the development of language.

Question 16

__________ is the principle "that allows people to predict and control their world."

Accepted Answer

Causality is the principle that allows people to predict and control their world by understanding the cause-and-effect relationships between events. This principle helps individuals to make sense of their surroundings and make informed decisions, as they can anticipate how one action can influence the outcome of another. The other options listed are related to different aspects of learning and perception but are not directly related to the principle of predictability and control.

Question 17

A communication system based on words and grammar is called

Accepted Answer

A communication system based on words and grammar is called language. Syntax refers specifically to the rules governing word order and sentence structure within a language, while linguistics is the study of language and its structure. Social referencing involves using nonverbal cues to understand and interpret the emotions of others.

Question 18

Steven is 8 months old and has begun to produce repetitive strings of vowel and consonant sounds such as "pa-pa-pa-pa." According to the text,this stage of prespeech language development is called

Accepted Answer

The given description of Steven's language development indicates that he has entered the babbling stage, during which babies produce repetitive sounds consisting of consonants and vowels, such as "ma-ma-ma" or "ba-ba-ba." Therefore, option B, which identifies this stage as babbling, is the correct answer.  Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe this particular stage of language development.

Question 19

At about 3 months of age,infants

Accepted Answer

At about 3 months of age, infants start to produce sounds that match the ones they hear. This is part of their language development process, in which they learn to imitate the sounds and patterns of the language that they are exposed to. This is known as the "babbling" stage, in which infants experiment with the different sounds they can make with their vocal cords. However, at this stage, they are not intentionally trying to reproduce specific words or phrases with linguistic meaning.

Question 20

The study of the brain structures that govern thinking and memory is called

Accepted Answer

Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the brain structures that govern thinking and memory. A is incorrect because it refers to the assessment of brain stimulus rather than the study of these structures. C is incorrect because it refers to mental stimulus evaluation, which is not synonymous with cognitive neuroscience. D is incorrect because it refers to neurological assessment, which is a broader field that includes cognitive neuroscience but also encompasses other aspects of brain function and health.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years