Question 1

Intelligence and achievement are two words for the same thing; intelligence refers to nonacademic domains and achievement refers to the scholastic domain.

Accepted Answer

Intelligence and achievement are not two words for the same thing. Intelligence refers to cognitive abilities, while achievement refers to accomplishments or successes in a specific area, which may include academic or non-academic domains.

Question 2

Helping caregivers is a benefit of appropriately diagnosing children with psychological disorders.

Accepted Answer

When children are appropriately diagnosed with psychological disorders, their caregivers can receive the necessary support and resources to better care for the child. This can include therapy, medication, and education on managing the child's symptoms, which can ultimately improve the well-being of both the child and their caregiver.

Question 3

If a test does not have high test-retest reliability,it cannot be valid.

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability and validity are two separate concepts. Test-retest reliability refers to the consistency of scores when the same test is administered to the same group of people at two different points in time. Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. While high test-retest reliability is important for a test to be considered reliable, it is not a necessary condition for validity. A test can have high validity but low test-retest reliability if the construct being measured is inherently unstable or changes over time.

Question 4

Symptoms are observable,overt features of disorder.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Symptoms are observable,overt features of disorder....

Question 5

A college professor in a childhood disorders class gives extra credit on the basis of who answers questions correctly on an 80s-music quiz at the start of the class.Which of the following is likely NOT true of this approach?
A) This approach has low content validity because 80s music is not relevant to childhood disorders.
B) This approach would likely have low convergent validity with exam scores in childhood disorders.
C) This approach would likely have low predictive validity of future exam scores in childhood disorders.
D) This approach would likely have low test-retest reliability because multiple students might give different answers to the same question.

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability concerns the consistency of a measure over time, not the variability of responses among different individuals. Choices A, B, and C correctly identify issues with the validity of using an 80s-music quiz in a childhood disorders class, but D incorrectly applies the concept of test-retest reliability to a situation of varied responses, which is not what test-retest reliability measures.

Question 6

To correct a criticism of DSM-IV,in DSM-5,disorders are no longer conceptualized as existing within the person,but instead between systems of people in transaction with one another.

Accepted Answer

In DSM-5, disorders are still conceptualized as existing within the person, not between systems of people. The major changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5 include the reorganization of disorders, the addition of new disorders, and the removal or modification of some categories, but the fundamental approach to conceptualizing disorders as individual conditions remains.

Question 7

A psychologist is developing a new test of reasoning.He notices that while individuals tend to score the same across multiple administrations of the test,there are particular test items that seem to give everyone trouble,irrespective of how well they score on the test overall.It seems that all the items that give individuals trouble use particularly advanced vocabulary words.Which of the following is NOT true?
A) This test has low test-retest reliability.
B) The items on the test that everyone scores poorly on are not valid measures of the construct of reasoning.
C) The test does not have particularly strong internal consistency.
D) Removing the items that don't seem to contribute to the overall score would likely improve the test.

Accepted Answer

The fact that individuals tend to score the same across multiple administrations of the test suggests that the test has high test-retest reliability. Option B is true because if everyone struggles with certain items regardless of overall score, then those items may not be valid measures of the construct being tested. Option C suggests that the test has weak internal consistency, which is not necessarily true based on the information given. Option D is likely true as removing the items that don't contribute to the overall score could improve the test's validity and reliability. However, it is not the "NOT true" statement.

Question 8

Research Domain Criteria and the DSM-5 have the same general approach to conceptualizing mental disorders.

Accepted Answer

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and DSM-5 have different approaches to conceptualizing mental disorders. DSM-5 classifies mental disorders based on observable symptoms, while RDoC emphasizes the underlying neurobiological processes and behavioral dimensions that are associated with specific mental disorders. RDoC also focuses on studying these processes across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to behavior, whereas DSM-5 primarily considers symptom criteria for diagnosis.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true of specifiers?
A) They allow clinicians to provide additional information about their clients.
B) They describe a relatively homogeneous subgroup of individuals with the disorder.
C) They are always based on symptom presentation.
D) They may be necessary because of the prototypical approach to diagnosis.

Accepted Answer

Not all specifiers are based solely on symptom presentation. For example, specifiers for personality disorders may include information about level of functioning or personality traits.

Question 10

Not many experts consider diet to be relevant to a diagnosis of depression.If a depressive inventory asked multiple questions about fruits and vegetables and food additives,this would call into question which of the following?
A) test-retest reliability of the inventory
B) the content validity of the inventory
C) the inter-rater reliability of the inventory
D) the internal consistency of the inventory

Accepted Answer

The addition of questions about diet indicates a concern for content validity, or whether the test measures what it is intended to measure. If diet is not considered relevant to a diagnosis of depression, including questions about it on the inventory may compromise the validity of the test. The other options, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency, do not directly relate to the inclusion of diet questions on the inventory.

Question 11

Validity is not a property of tests; rather,validity is a property of using a test for a specific purpose.

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure for a specific purpose. Therefore, it is not inherent within the test but rather the way it is used.

Question 12

An IQ of 100 is considered normal and anything other than 100 is considered abnormal.

Accepted Answer

An IQ of 100 is considered average, not normal. There is no fixed definition or threshold for what is considered abnormal as IQ scores can vary based on various factors such as age, culture, and socioeconomic status.

Question 13

Behavioral observations are only necessary for assessing behavioral disturbances,not mood or cognitive problems.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral observations can be useful in evaluating and diagnosing a wide range of mental health issues, including mood and cognitive problems, as they can provide insight into how an individual is actually behaving or reacting in various situations.

Question 14

When preparing the DSM-5,which of the following approaches was NOT used?
A) formal interviews with individuals currently diagnosed with the disorders in DSM-IV
B) literature reviews of research on each disorder
C) reanalysis of previously collected data to determine the potential effects of altering diagnostic criteria on prevalence rates
D) field trials

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5 preparation involved literature reviews, reanalysis of previously collected data, and field trials, but not formal interviews with individuals currently diagnosed with the disorders in DSM-IV.

Question 15

If 95% of the children who score highly on an inventory of disruptive behavior turn out to have a diagnosable disruptive behavior problem,which of the following is NOT necessarily true?
A) There is a 5% false positive rate.
B) The test has low negative predictive power.
C) The test has high positive predictive power.
D) The test has good criterion-related validity.

Accepted Answer

If 95% of the children who score highly on an inventory of disruptive behavior turn out to have a diagnosable disruptive behavior problem, it means that the test has a high positive predictive power (the ability to correctly identify individuals who have the condition) and a low false positive rate (5%). However, we cannot infer anything about the negative predictive power of the test (ability to correctly identify individuals who do not have the condition) based on this information alone. Therefore, option B is not necessarily true. Option D (the test has good criterion-related validity) cannot be inferred from the given information.

Question 16

The developers of DSM-5 changed the order of the manual to emphasize the development of psychopathology across the life span,added diagnostic criteria that are specific to children and to adults,and described how disorders might present differently across the lifespan to solve what problem with DSM-IV?
A) It was unclear which disorders could be diagnosed in children in DSM-IV.
B) DSM-IV created a sometimes inaccurate perception of a boundary between disorders for children and adults.
C) DSM-IV neglected all mention of childhood disorders.
D) DSM-IV didn't recognize that adults could receive every diagnosis within it.

Accepted Answer

The developers of DSM-5 changed the manual to address the problem of DSM-IV creating a sometimes inaccurate perception of a boundary between disorders for children and adults. DSM-5 emphasizes the development of psychopathology across the lifespan and describes how disorders might present differently in children and adults.

Question 17

The main difference between concurrent validity and predictive validity is that ______.
A) only predictive validity is a type of criterion-related validity
B) only predictive validity examines the power to predict the existence of a disorder
C) only predictive validity refers to theoretically expected outcomes and not the present
D) only predictive validity really matters in a clinical setting

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity is specifically concerned with the ability of a measure to predict future or expected outcomes, behavior, or occurrences, which is not the focus of concurrent validity. Concurrent validity, on the other hand, assesses the degree to which a test correlates with a benchmark test or criterion measured at the same time.

Question 18

To be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa,an individual must (a)be taking in so little food that the person is below the weight minimally normal, (b)have an "intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat,or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain,even though at a significantly low weight," and(c)have "disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced,undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation,or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight." Which of the following is true of these criteria?
A) If someone fails to meet Criterion A, that person cannot be diagnosed with the disorder; this indicates a prototypical approach to classification.
B) If someone fails to meet Criterion A, that person cannot be diagnosed with the disorder; this indicates a categorical approach to classification.
C) If someone does not have an intense fear of gaining weight, that person cannot be diagnosed with the disorder; this indicates a prototypical approach to classification.
D) If someone does not have an intense fear of gaining weight, that person cannot be diagnosed with the disorder; this indicates a categorical approach to classification.

Accepted Answer

Criterion A is necessary for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa using a categorical approach to classification. The criteria must be met in a strict binary sense, and failure to meet any one criterion precludes a diagnosis of the disorder.

Question 19

One criticism of the DSM-5 is that the distinctions between normal and abnormal are often arbitrary.

Accepted Answer

One criticism of the DSM-5 is that the lines between normal and abnormal behavior are often drawn based on arbitrary thresholds, making it difficult to determine when someone truly has a disorder. For example, deciding what constitutes "significant distress" or "impairment" can be subjective and vary depending on the individual's circumstances.

Question 20

Which classification approach allows a clinician to convey the severity of the condition?
A) full-spectrum assessment
B) categorical classification
C) prototypical classification
D) dimensional classification

Accepted Answer

Dimensional classification allows for a rating or measurement of the severity of a condition, whereas categorical classification groups individuals into specific diagnostic categories without necessarily indicating the severity of the condition. Full-spectrum assessment and prototypical classification are not specific classification approaches, but rather refer to comprehensive evaluation approaches and blending of diagnostic criteria, respectively.

Quiz 3: Assessment and Diagnosis

Intelligence and achievement are two words for the same thing; intelligence refers to nonacademic domains and achievement refers to the scholastic domain.

Helping caregivers is a benefit of appropriately diagnosing children with psychological disorders.

If a test does not have high test-retest reliability,it cannot be valid.

Symptoms are observable,overt features of disorder.

A college professor in a childhood disorders class gives extra credit on the basis of who answers questions correctly on an 80s-music quiz at the start of the class.Which of the following is likely NOT true of this approach?

To correct a criticism of DSM-IV,in DSM-5,disorders are no longer conceptualized as existing within the person,but instead between systems of people in transaction with one another.

Research Domain Criteria and the DSM-5 have the same general approach to conceptualizing mental disorders.

Which of the following is NOT true of specifiers?

Not many experts consider diet to be relevant to a diagnosis of depression.If a depressive inventory asked multiple questions about fruits and vegetables and food additives,this would call into question which of the following?

Validity is not a property of tests; rather,validity is a property of using a test for a specific purpose.

An IQ of 100 is considered normal and anything other than 100 is considered abnormal.

Behavioral observations are only necessary for assessing behavioral disturbances,not mood or cognitive problems.

When preparing the DSM-5,which of the following approaches was NOT used?

If 95% of the children who score highly on an inventory of disruptive behavior turn out to have a diagnosable disruptive behavior problem,which of the following is NOT necessarily true?

The main difference between concurrent validity and predictive validity is that ______.

One criticism of the DSM-5 is that the distinctions between normal and abnormal are often arbitrary.

Which classification approach allows a clinician to convey the severity of the condition?