Question 1

Which of the following is(are)said to function as an organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The self is responsible for organizing our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It includes our self-concept, self-esteem, and self-knowledge. The self-concept helps us understand who we are, the self-esteem regulates our emotional reactions, and the self-knowledge guides our decision-making.

Question 2

Students in one academic program were more likely to become scientists if they had a clear vision of themselves as successful scientists.This best illustrates the motivational significance of

Accepted Answer

The clear vision of themselves as successful scientists refers to the concept of possible selves, which are mental images of what individuals might become, want to become, or fear becoming. This implies that having a clear image of oneself as a successful scientist motivates individuals to work towards achieving that possible self.

Question 3

Self-esteem refers to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Self-esteem refers to
...

Question 4

AT&T has assessed prospective managers by observing them doing simulated managerial work.This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theorists.

Accepted Answer

The answer of AT&T has assessed prospective managers by observing...

Question 5

Jeremy consistently attributes his poor work performance to his own incompetence.This most clearly indicates that he experiences a low level of

Accepted Answer

Jeremy's consistent attribution of poor work performance to his own incompetence indicates a lack of self-efficacy, which refers to the belief in one's ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a goal. Jeremy seems to believe that he is inherently incapable of performing well, rather than acknowledging external factors that may be influencing his performance.

Question 6

According to social-cognitive theories,the best predictor of students' academic success in college would be their

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theories emphasize the role of personal factors such as self-regulation, self-efficacy, and academic motivation in academic success. High school grade-point average is a better predictor than college entrance test scores as it reflects a student's consistent academic performance over a period of time, indicating their ability to adapt to the demands of college-level coursework.

Question 7

Professor Halasa perceives shy,inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations,autonomic nervous system reactivity,and unconscious thought processes.The professor's views best illustrate a(n)________ approach.

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial approach takes into account biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to human behavior. Professor Halasa considers cultural expectations, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought processes, all of which fall under these three categories. Therefore, his views best align with the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 8

Professor Lee performed an experiment in which participants put on a Barry Manilow T-shirt before entering a room with other students.The participants' tendency to overestimate the extent to which the other students would notice their unusual T-shirt best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the experiment - the participants overestimating the extent to which others would notice their T-shirt - is known as the spotlight effect. It refers to the tendency to believe that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they actually are. It is related to self-consciousness and social anxiety, but not necessarily to narcissism, reciprocal determinism, or defensive self-esteem.

Question 9

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments,parents would be best advised to enable their children to

Accepted Answer

If positive self-esteem is a consequence of successful accomplishments, parents should focus on enabling their children to effectively deal with challenges and achieve success. This will, in turn, lead to a boost in their self-esteem. It is important for children to learn the skills necessary to overcome obstacles and accomplish their goals, which will give them a sense of pride and confidence. Developing defensive self-esteem (option A) may lead to an over-inflated ego and an inability to handle failure, which can be harmful to a child's development. Recognizing that positive self-esteem inhibits self-serving bias (option B) would not necessarily be useful in this context. Finally, experiencing positive self-esteem regardless of performance (option D) may not be realistic or achievable, as self-esteem is closely linked to one's achievements and abilities.

Question 10

Kyle was so overconfident about his mathematical skills that he failed to study thoroughly enough for his final math test to get a passing course grade.Kyle's experience best illustrates the dangers of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kyle was so overconfident about his mathematical...

Question 11

Compared with those having high self-esteem,individuals with low self-esteem are likely to

Accepted Answer

Individuals with low self-esteem tend to feel anxious and lonely as they have a negative self-image and lack confidence in their ability to form and maintain relationships. Option A is not correct as individuals with low self-esteem may lack motivation to actively change their moods. Option B may be true in some cases but it is not a general characteristic of low self-esteem. Option D is incorrect as expressing unconditional positive regard would require a high level of self-esteem.

Question 12

Dr.Lopez asked college students in a survey if they were more or less likely to go deeply into debt with high-interest credit cards.Most students answered that they would be less likely to go deeply into debt.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies self-serving bias, as these students are likely overestimating their own ability to manage credit cards responsibly and avoid high levels of debt. This bias involves individuals taking credit for their successes but blaming external factors (such as high interest rates) for their failures.

Question 13

According to social-cognitive psychologists,one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive psychologists emphasize the importance of observing a person's behavior in relevant situations over relying solely on personality traits or projective tests. This is because a person's behavior is influenced by the specific circumstances they are in, which can vary from situation to situation. Therefore, observing behavior in relevant situations is the most reliable way to predict a person's future behavior.

Question 14

A criticism of social-cognitive theories has been that they

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theories tend to focus on situational factors rather than enduring personality traits. Therefore, they underestimate the importance of personality traits in shaping behavior.

Question 15

A sense of one's ability to competently perform a task is called

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to successfully accomplish a specific task. It is a component of self-confidence and is related to a person's past experiences, skills, and knowledge. Self-esteem (A) is a broader term referring to overall positive or negative feelings about oneself. Self-monitoring (C) is the ability to observe and adjust one's behavior in social situations. Self-disclosure (D) is the act of revealing personal information about oneself to others.

Question 16

Our motivation to achieve success and avoid failure is most directly influenced by our

Accepted Answer

Our motivation to achieve success and avoid failure is most directly influenced by our possible selves, which are the versions of ourselves that we aspire to be or fear becoming. These possible selves serve as powerful incentives for us to strive for success and avoid failure, as they represent our ideal selves and the consequences of not living up to our own expectations. Conditioning, defensive self-esteem, and narcissism may also play a role in our motivation, but they are not as directly linked to our drive to achieve success and avoid failure.

Question 17

Because people are biopsychosocial organisms,the study of personality most clearly benefits from the use of

Accepted Answer

Personality is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Therefore, studying personality from multiple levels of analysis, including genetics, neuroscience, cognition, culture, and society, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of individual differences, patterns of behavior, and mental disorders. Using only projective tests or unconditional positive regard, which focus on subjective interpretations or positive attitudes towards clients, may limit the validity and reliability of personality assessment and intervention. Possible selves, or future-oriented beliefs and goals, are useful for understanding motivation and identity development but may not address the complexity and diversity of personality.

Question 18

Although nearly half of American marriages end in divorce,the vast majority of American newlyweds predict that they will never get divorced.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The newlyweds' prediction that they will never get divorced despite the high divorce rate reflects the self-serving bias - the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself while attributing negative outcomes to external factors. This bias allows them to maintain their positive self-image and the belief that their relationship is unique even though the high probability of divorce applies to everyone else but them.

Question 19

When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time,he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious.His reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The spotlight effect refers to our tendency to overestimate the degree to which others are paying attention to and noticing our behavior or appearance. In this case, Professor McKay is overestimating how much his students are noticing his anxiety while teaching.

Question 20

Using his model of reciprocal determinism,Albert Bandura would consider self-efficacy to be a(n)

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's model of reciprocal determinism, behavior, environment, and personal factors interact to influence one another. Self-efficacy is considered an internal personal factor, which is one's belief in their ability to succeed at a particular task or behavior.

Quiz 13: Personality

Which of the following is(are) said to function as an organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and behaviors?