Question 1

From the later months of age 2 and into the mid-3s,the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences _______ each month.

Accepted Answer

During the later months of age 2 and into the mid-3s, children's language development progresses rapidly. However, the rate of progress is not consistent and varies from child to child. On average, children in this age range double the number of ways they can combine words and phrases to form sentences each month. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 2

By age 6,the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words.

Accepted Answer

The answer of By age 6,the average child has a...

Question 3

Vygotsky called the actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils,books,computers,etc. ),as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn (language,alphabet,number/math systems,religious systems,etc. )

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky referred to these physical and conceptual items as "cultural tools," emphasizing their importance in shaping the way a child learns and thinks.

Question 4

In the later stages of preoperational stage,children show an understanding that certain things stay the same,regardless of changes in shape,size,and appearance.This is called

Accepted Answer

During the later stages of the preoperational stage, children develop an understanding of identity, which means that objects or people have a consistent and unchanging identity despite changes in shape, size, and appearance. For example, a child may recognize that a ball remains the same object even if it changes color or is inflated or deflated. This understanding of identity is a crucial cognitive achievement during the preoperational stage, which lays the foundation for later logical and abstract thinking. Option B) functionality refers to the understanding that objects have specific functions or purposes, which is also a development during the preoperational stage. Option C) intuitive thought and option D) egocentric thought are broader concepts that encompass different aspects of cognitive development in the preoperational stage. However, they do not directly refer to the understanding of identity.

Question 5

Four-year-old Roger has been given six different toys,and his mother is working with him to learn to count using the toys.According to developmental psychologist Rochel Gelman,which skill would Roger exhibit?

Accepted Answer

According to Rochel Gelman, at the age of four, children start to develop the ability to count accurately, but their understanding of the names of numbers might still be immature. Therefore, it is likely that Roger will be able to count the toys accurately but might use incorrect names for the numbers. Consistency in his counting and being able to identify that there are six toys in the group demonstrates his developing counting skills. Option A is incorrect as it refers to the concept of one-to-one correspondence, which is typically mastered by the age of three. Option B is unlikely at this age, as it requires a more advanced understanding of counting. Option D is an unrealistic expectation for a four-year-old, as they might still struggle with counting accurately and might skip or repeat numbers.

Question 6

What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth?

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding is the term used to describe support given to learners to enable them to complete tasks and solve problems independently. It provides just enough support to allow learners to grow and develop their skills, without overwhelming them or doing the work for them. This approach is often used in education to guide learners in their understanding and mastery of new concepts or skills.

Question 7

What is the term for a memory of particular events from one's own life?

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to memories of specific events and experiences from one's own life, including both personal and cultural events. It is a type of long-term memory that is closely linked to one's sense of self and personal identity.

Question 8

What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?

Accepted Answer

Syntax refers specifically to the rules and principles governing sentence structure and word order in language. While grammar encompasses a broader range of language rules including syntax, semantics, and phonology.

Question 9

By the end of the preoperational stage,children are able to understand the idea that actions,events,and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns.This is called

Accepted Answer

Functionality refers to the understanding that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns, which develops by the end of the preoperational stage according to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 10

In 4-year-old Amanda's preschool class,the group discussion involved airplanes.After that,Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew everything there was to know about airplanes,even though she was unable to provide a reasonable explanation about why she thought she knew so much about airplanes.In this example,Amanda is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Amanda's belief that she knows everything about airplanes without any evidence or logical reasoning suggests an example of intuitive thought, which is a characteristic of preoperational thinking in preschoolers.

Question 11

According to Vygotsky,if one child receives assistance,he/she may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help.The assistance or structuring provided by others is termed

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding refers to the support or assistance provided by others to help a child learn and perform tasks that would be beyond their independent abilities. This support can be gradually removed as the child becomes more proficient, leading to greater development and learning. Scaffolding is therefore the most suitable term for the assistance or structuring provided by others mentioned in the question.

Question 12

Preschoolers' memories are often organized in a broad representation of events in the order in which they occur,called

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers' memories are often organized in scripts, which refer to a broad representation of events in the order in which they occur. Scripts can help young children remember familiar routines, such as going to the doctor or grocery shopping. Autobiographical memory refers to a person's recollection of their own experiences and is more specific and detailed than scripts. Biographical memory refers to knowledge about events and people not directly experienced by the individual. A schema refers to a cognitive structure that helps organize and interpret information. While all of these may play a role in preschoolers' memories, the best choice for this particular question is C: scripts.

Question 13

Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems. This approach is known as sociocultural theory, and it emphasizes the importance of cultural and social factors in shaping cognitive development.

Question 14

What is the term for thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world?

Accepted Answer

Intuitive thought refers to thinking that is based on primitive reasoning and the avid acquisition of knowledge about the world. This is a characteristic of preschoolers who are still developing more advanced thinking skills such as logical reasoning and conservation. Egocentric thought refers to the inability to see things from another person's perspective, centration refers to focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring others, and conservation refers to understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if it changes shape or appearance.

Question 15

Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between children,adults,and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools,play groups,the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society,and that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that the nature of the partnership between children, adults, and peers is shaped by cultural and societal factors, such as the educational institutions that children participate in, the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society, and even the toys that the child plays with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that social interactions and culture influence cognitive development.

Question 16

When discussing the reliability of memories,the memory of a(n)____ is considered to be the most vulnerable to suggestion,and,therefore,perhaps the least reliable.

Accepted Answer

Preschool-aged child's memories are considered to be the most vulnerable to suggestion and therefore least reliable. This is because they are in a developmental stage where their ability to differentiate between reality and fantasy is still developing, and they may be more susceptible to external influences and suggestions from adults or peers.

Question 17

What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed?

Accepted Answer

The system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed is known as grammar. Option A, egocentric speech, refers to a stage of language development during which children talk aloud to themselves as a way of guiding their own behavior. Option B, fast mapping, refers to the process by which children quickly learn the meaning of new words after only a few exposures. Option C, private speech, is similar to egocentric speech but refers specifically to speech that is directed at oneself rather than others.

Question 18

What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

Accepted Answer

Fast mapping is the term used to describe the process by which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter. Children use this ability to quickly expand their vocabulary as they acquire language. The other options, encoding, egocentric speech, and private speech, are not directly related to this concept.

Question 19

Most people have unambiguous and seemingly accurate memories dating as far back as age

Accepted Answer

Most people have clear and seemingly accurate memories from around age three, as this is typically when autobiographical memory begins to develop.

Question 20

According to Vygotsky,what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently,but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?

Accepted Answer

The level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent is called the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky believed that learning occurs within this zone, which is the gap between what a child can do on their own (their actual level of development) and what they can do with guidance and support (their potential level of development). Scaffolding is the process of providing support and guidance within this zone to help the child bridge the gap and develop new skills and knowledge. Schemas and scripts are different concepts in cognitive psychology and not directly related to Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years