Question 1

Systematic desensitization differs from exposure therapy in that systematic desensitization is based on the principle of extinction while exposure therapy is based on the principle of counterconditioning.

Accepted Answer

Both systematic desensitization and exposure therapy are based on the principle of extinction. Systematic desensitization involves the use of relaxation techniques along with exposure to the feared object or situation, often in a hierarchical manner, to gradually reduce fear. Exposure therapy involves direct exposure to the feared object or situation without the use of relaxation techniques, aiming to extinguish the fear response over time. Counterconditioning is a component of systematic desensitization, where a new response (relaxation) is conditioned to occur in the presence of the feared stimulus.

Question 2

Systematic desensitization attempts to treat anxiety disorders by teaching clients a response that is considered to be incompatible with anxiety.

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy that aims to reduce anxiety by gradually exposing the client to the feared stimulus while they are in a state of relaxation. This process helps the client to develop a response that is considered to be incompatible with anxiety, such as relaxation or calmness. By pairing the feared stimulus with a relaxed state, the client learns to associate the stimulus with a more positive and less threatening experience, leading to a reduction in anxiety over time.

Question 3

Faith in the therapist and the opportunity to practise new behaviours are both thought to be important client factors that are associated with psychotherapy outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Faith in the therapist and the opportunity...

Question 4

One of the key assumptions of social skills training is that the skills deficits of a particular individual may be reflective of disordered relationships in the family system.

Accepted Answer

Social skills training is based on the assumption that social skills deficits are due to the individual's lack of knowledge, practice, or feedback on appropriate social behaviors, rather than primarily reflecting disordered relationships in the family system.

Question 5

Carl Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard specifically refers to the ability of the therapist to be able to view the world through the client's eyes.

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard refers to the therapist's acceptance and support of a client regardless of what the client says or does, not specifically to viewing the world through the client's eyes, which is more closely related to empathy.

Question 6

Punishment is never used as a therapeutic technique.

Accepted Answer

Punishment can be used as a therapeutic technique in certain contexts, such as in behavior modification therapy, but it should always be used carefully and with consideration for potential negative effects. However, positive reinforcement and other non-punitive techniques are generally preferred in therapy.

Question 7

Although more expensive and time-consuming,long-term classical psychoanalysis still tends to produce better therapeutic outcomes than briefer psychodynamic therapies do.

Accepted Answer

Research has not consistently shown that long-term classical psychoanalysis produces better therapeutic outcomes than briefer psychodynamic therapies. Many studies suggest that shorter, more focused forms of therapy can be equally effective for a wide range of psychological issues.

Question 8

Acceptance and commitment therapy includes the process of mindfulness as a vehicle for change.

Accepted Answer

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a type of psychotherapy that emphasizes the use of acceptance and mindfulness strategies, along with commitment and behavior change, to increase psychological flexibility. Mindfulness is a key component of ACT and is used as a way to help individuals with a variety of mental health issues, including anxiety and depression.

Question 9

In Albert Ellis's "ABCD" model,the "B" stands for the client's maladaptive behaviours.

Accepted Answer

The "B" in the ABCD model stands for the client's irrational or dysfunctional beliefs.

Question 10

When a therapy client responds to a therapist as if she was a significant person from the client's past,psychoanalytic theorists technically refer to this as resistance.

Accepted Answer

This statement is incorrect. When a therapy client responds to a therapist as if she was a significant person from the client's past, psychoanalytic theorists refer to this as transference, not resistance. Resistance refers to a client's unconscious attempts to avoid or block the therapeutic process.

Question 11

Hans Eysenck analyzed data collected from health insurance companies and concluded that it provided clear empirical support for the validity of psychotherapy.

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck analyzed data and concluded that psychotherapy was no more effective than no treatment at all, challenging the effectiveness of psychotherapy rather than supporting it.

Question 12

One of the primary functions of free association in psychoanalysis is to gain access to unconscious material.

Accepted Answer

Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis where the patient says out loud whatever comes to mind, without censoring or editing their thoughts. By doing so, the patient can access and reveal unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories that may be causing psychological distress.

Question 13

Being knowledgeable about a client's culture and/or ethnicity while at the same time not inappropriately stereotyping a client are both important aspects of being a culturally competent therapist.

Accepted Answer

Being knowledgeable about a client's culture and ethnicity is an important aspect of cultural competence, but it is also important to be aware of and avoid stereotypes. This allows for a more effective and respectful therapeutic relationship.

Question 14

Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls were similar in that both are considered to be humanistic theorists who believed that people have an inherent tendency towards self-healing.

Accepted Answer

Both Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls are considered to be humanistic theorists who believed in the innate potential for individuals to grow and heal themselves. This is a central tenet of humanistic psychology, which emphasizes the importance of the whole person and their unique experiences, feelings, and self-concept. While there were certainly differences in their specific approaches and techniques, both Rogers and Perls shared a fundamental belief in the capacity of individuals to change and transform their own lives.

Question 15

The cognitive therapy approach of Aaron Beck is currently considered to be the non-pharmacological treatment of choice for depression.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive therapy approach developed by Aaron Beck is considered an effective non-pharmacological treatment for depression. This approach focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns that contribute to depressive symptoms. It has been extensively researched and has shown to be effective in treating depression. However, it is important to note that other non-pharmacological treatments, such as interpersonal therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and behavioral activation therapy, may also be effective for some individuals with depression.

Question 16

Exposure therapy is based almost entirely on the principles of operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Exposure therapy is actually based on the principles of classical conditioning, specifically the process of extinction, where a conditioned response (such as fear) is gradually eliminated through repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus (such as the object or situation that elicits the fear).

Question 17

When considering the use of token economies,therapists almost always ask whether other,less painful approaches are available and whether the negative behaviour involved poses a serious risk to either the individual or society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When considering the use of token economies,therapists...

Question 18

In brief psychodynamic therapies,the therapist is typically more focused and active than in traditional psychoanalysis.

Accepted Answer

In brief psychodynamic therapies, the therapist is more focused and active in comparison to traditional psychoanalysis, where the therapist takes a less active role and allows the patient to freely associate and explore their unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 19

Most anti-anxiety drugs achieve their effects by slowing the synaptic activity in the nervous system.One way of doing this is by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Many anti-anxiety drugs, such as benzodiazepines, work by increasing the activity of GABA in the brain, which has a calming effect on the nervous system.

Question 20

With a few small exceptions,meta-analysis conducted on the efficacy of various psychological treatments have revealed that most therapies are equally effective.

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis studies have consistently shown that most psychological treatments are equally effective, with minimal differences in efficacy. However, this does not mean that all treatments work equally well for every individual and specific therapies may work better for some people depending on their unique circumstances and needs.

Quiz 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders