Question 1

Systematic desensitization focuses on the process of a response that is incompatible with anxiety.This is based on the concept of _______________________.

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of behavior therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders. It involves gradually exposing the person to a feared stimulus (like a spider or flying) while simultaneously practicing relaxation techniques. The goal is to replace the fear response with a relaxation response. Counterconditioning is the process of establishing a new response (relaxation) that is incompatible with the old response (fear/anxiety). The stimulus hierarchy is a list of feared stimuli rated from least to most anxiety-provoking. Aversive conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant stimulus (like a shock) with an unwanted behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. Response prevention involves preventing a person from engaging in a compulsive behavior to reduce anxiety.

Question 2

Because its effects often do not generalize well from the treatment setting to the real world,many researchers believe that ____________ would be more effective if it were used in concert with specific coping skills programs that focus on avoiding relapse.

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy is often criticized for not generalizing well to real-world settings, and it is believed to be more effective when combined with coping skills programs to prevent relapse.

Question 3

Janice has a phobia of dogs and decides to consult with a behaviour therapist in order to get some help.The therapist first teaches her a muscle relaxation technique.After she has learned this,they create a list of increasingly fearful situations involving dogs.Starting with the least feared situation,the therapist has Janice imagine it and then use her relaxation training to eliminate any anxiety that arises.This therapist is using the general technique called systematic desensitization,and the list that they have created is an example of ____________.

Accepted Answer

The list they have created is an example of a stimulus hierarchy, which is a list of progressively more anxiety-provoking situations that are used in systematic desensitization therapy. A is incorrect because aversive conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an undesired behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. C is incorrect because flooding involves exposing the person to their greatest fear all at once, rather than gradually introducing them to feared stimuli. D is incorrect because a positive reinforcer is a reward given to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, and it is not applicable in this situation.

Question 4

Beatrice would like to stop her habit of biting her fingernails.In order to do this,she covers the ends of her fingertips,including her nails,with a bitter tasting antibacterial spray.When Beatrice puts her fingernail in her mouth she is met with a noxious taste and removes her nail immediately from her mouth.In this case,the bitter taste might be considered the:

Accepted Answer

The bitter taste is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because it naturally elicits a response (the desire to remove her nail from her mouth) without the need for learning.

Question 5

Eugene has a terrible fear of being in a boat.Eugene works for the Coast Guard doing an administrative job,but he knows he will have to get over this fear in order to receive a promotion.His boss offered to pay for a behavioural therapy.Eugene,who was extremely anxious,wanted the least anxiety provoking behavioural therapy,chose:

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy that gradually exposes the individual to their fear, but in a way that is manageable and not overwhelming. It involves relaxation techniques and gradual exposure to the fear stimulus, which can help reduce anxiety over time. This is a good choice for Eugene, as he wants the least anxiety-provoking therapy and systematic desensitization can provide a gradual exposure to his fear of boats. The other options, such as standard exposure therapy and aversion therapy, may be too intense for Eugene and could potentially worsen his fear. Rational-emotive therapy is not specifically focused on phobias, so it may not be the best choice in this situation.

Question 6

Token economies are based on the systematic application of:

Accepted Answer

Token economies are based on the systematic application of positive reinforcement, where tokens (such as stickers or tokens) are given as reinforcement for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for various rewards. This method is often used in schools or institutions for individuals with behavioral or developmental disorders to encourage and reinforce positive behaviors.

Question 7

As part of a smoking cessation program,Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette.Even though he knows he is receiving the drug,it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less.This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in:

Accepted Answer

This example best illustrates the procedures typically used in aversion therapy, where a behavior is paired with an unpleasant or aversive stimulus in order to reduce the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. In this case, smoking is paired with a nausea-inducing drug to create a negative association, making the person less likely to smoke in the future.

Question 8

In this therapy,a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS)is paired with a noxious unconditioned stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS.This is:

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy involves pairing a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS) with a noxious unconditioned stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behavior evoked by the CS. The goal is to create an association between the CS and a negative response, such as nausea or pain, to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 9

Which of the following therapies represent the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is the application of operant principles (such as reinforcement and punishment) to modify maladaptive behaviors in individuals with psychological disorders. Rational-emotive therapy and exposure therapy are forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focus on modifying thoughts and behaviors, but do not necessarily apply operant principles. Aversion therapy involves pairing a negative stimulus with a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again, but does not necessarily involve operant principles.

Question 10

Russell is an alcoholic who wants to quit drinking.When he seeks help from a therapist,he is given a drug that will cause nausea if he drinks alcohol.Russell's therapist is using a type of therapy called:

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using aversion therapy, which involves pairing a behavior (drinking alcohol) with an unpleasant stimulus (nausea caused by the drug) in order to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.

Question 11

Lennon was diagnosed with depression.Following an fMRI,the doctor suggested that Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)would not likely be the best treatment option.It is likely that when Lennon rated words with negative emotional meaning he showed low levels of activity in his:

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, including negative emotions such as those experienced in depression. If Lennon showed low levels of activity in his amygdala when rating words with negative emotional meaning, this suggests a dysfunction in his emotional processing and may impact his ability to regulate his mood. This dysfunction could potentially be targeted by treatments such as antidepressant medication or electroconvulsive therapy, which have been shown to increase amygdala activity. However, since the question specifically rules out CBT as a potential treatment option, we can assume that it is not effective in targeting this dysfunction.

Question 12

Exposure therapies have been used effectively to treat agoraphobics by:

Accepted Answer

Exposure therapy involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared situation or object, which eventually reduces their anxiety and fear response. In the case of agoraphobia, this may involve exposing the person to situations that they would normally avoid, such as crowded spaces or public transportation. The goal is to help the individual become more comfortable and confident in these situations, which can ultimately lead to a reduction in their agoraphobic symptoms.

Question 13

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for juvenile substance abusers.Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house,helps a roommate,or does any other appropriate behaviour,he receives a token.These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre.The goal of this system is to eventually have these positive behaviours:

Accepted Answer

The goal of the token economy system is to eventually have the positive behaviors be controlled by self-reinforcement processes and social reinforcers. This means that Jake should eventually be motivated to continue these positive behaviors without the need for external rewards, and should also receive social reinforcement from his peers and staff at the halfway house. Options B, C, and D are not the primary goals of a token economy system in this context.

Question 14

The results from a neuroimaging study suggest that the correlation between serotonin levels and dysfunctional beliefs is a _______________ correlation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The results from a neuroimaging study suggest...

Question 15

According to the two-factor theory,the most direct way to reduce a phobia is through exposure to the feared conditioned stimulus (CS)in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)while keeping the operant avoidance response from occurring by using ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The most direct way to reduce a phobia according to the two-factor theory is through exposure to the feared conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), while keeping the operant avoidance response from occurring. This can be achieved through response prevention techniques, which involve preventing the individual from engaging in the avoidance behavior when exposed to the feared stimulus. Systematic desensitization, shaping, and behavior modification may also be effective in reducing phobias, but they are not necessarily the most direct ways according to the two-factor theory.

Question 16

Treating anxiety symptoms by presenting a feared stimulus (such as a dog or heights)and preventing the target person from avoiding that stimulus is typical of _____________ therapies.

Accepted Answer

This type of therapy is known as exposure therapy, where the person is gradually exposed to the feared stimulus without being allowed to avoid it. This helps them to learn that the anxiety response will eventually decrease on its own and that the feared situation is not necessarily dangerous.

Question 17

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for recovering addicts.Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house,helps a roommate,or does any other appropriate behaviour,he receives a token.These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre.This system is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The system of giving tokens for appropriate behavior and exchanging them for privileges is an example of behavior modification, which involves manipulating consequences to increase desired behaviors. The other options, counterconditioning (replacing an unwanted response with a desired one), a client-centred approach (emphasizing the client's needs and goals), and malingering (pretending to have symptoms for personal gain), do not fit the described scenario.

Question 18

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)appears to help individuals who are depressed become:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)appears to help individuals...

Question 19

Counterconditioning and stimulus hierarchies are most central to which of the following therapeutic interventions?

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning and stimulus hierarchies are most central to systematic desensitization, which is a type of therapy used to treat phobias and anxiety by gradually exposing a person to feared stimuli while teaching relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety. Exposure therapy also involves exposure to feared stimuli, but may not use counterconditioning or hierarchies in the same way. Aversion therapy involves pairing a negative stimulus with a behavior or thought to decrease the likelihood of that behavior or thought, while rational-emotive therapy focuses on identifying and changing irrational beliefs.

Question 20

Bartock was treated for depression with medication and Shula took Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT).A PET showed changes in their:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bartock was treated for depression with medication...

Quiz 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Systematic desensitization focuses on the process of a response that is incompatible with anxiety.This is based on the concept of _______________________.

Because its effects often do not generalize well from the treatment setting to the real world,many researchers believe that ____________ would be more effective if it were used in concert with specific coping skills programs that focus on avoiding relapse.

Token economies are based on the systematic application of:

In this therapy,a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a noxious unconditioned stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS.This is:

Which of the following therapies represent the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

Russell is an alcoholic who wants to quit drinking.When he seeks help from a therapist,he is given a drug that will cause nausea if he drinks alcohol.Russell's therapist is using a type of therapy called:

Lennon was diagnosed with depression.Following an fMRI,the doctor suggested that Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) would not likely be the best treatment option.It is likely that when Lennon rated words with negative emotional meaning he showed low levels of activity in his:

Exposure therapies have been used effectively to treat agoraphobics by:

The results from a neuroimaging study suggest that the correlation between serotonin levels and dysfunctional beliefs is a _______________ correlation.

According to the two-factor theory,the most direct way to reduce a phobia is through exposure to the feared conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) while keeping the operant avoidance response from occurring by using ______________________.

Treating anxiety symptoms by presenting a feared stimulus (such as a dog or heights) and preventing the target person from avoiding that stimulus is typical of _____________ therapies.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) appears to help individuals who are depressed become:

Counterconditioning and stimulus hierarchies are most central to which of the following therapeutic interventions?

Bartock was treated for depression with medication and Shula took Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) .A PET showed changes in their: